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Galashians (), were a historical
Ingush Ingush may refer to: * Ingush language, Northeast Caucasian language * Ingush people, an ethnic group of the North Caucasus See also *Ingushetia (disambiguation) Ingushetia is a federal republic and subject of Russia. Ingushetia may also refer ...
ethnoterritorial
society A society () is a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction or a large social group sharing the same spatial or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. ...
, which formed in the middle of the 18th century. The name comes from the village of
Galashki Galashki is a rural locality (a '' selo'') in Sunzhensky District of the Republic of Ingushetia, Russia, located on the left bank of the Sunzha River near the border with the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania. Its population was about 9,000 peo ...
, which is geographically located in the very center of the society. Galashians were located in the middle and lower reaches of the river Assa and the basin of the river Fortanga.


History


Formation of the Society

The Galashian society formed in the second half of 18th century from the mountain Ingush that settled in lowlands between Assa and Fortanga rivers. The
Orstkhoy The Orstkhoy, historically commonly known under their exonyms: ''Karabulaks'', ''Balsu'', ''Baloy'', are a historical ethnoterritorial society among the Chechens, Chechen and Ingush people, Ingush peoples. Their homeland is in the upper reaches ...
and Ghalghai ( Tsorin and Khamkhin)
societies A society () is a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction or a large social group sharing the same spatial or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. ...
played the greatest role in the formation of the Galashian society. The settlements of the Galashians are first recorded on the map of 1768, where they are marked as ''Galachi'' at the confluence of the Assa river into the
Sunzha Sunzha (; ) is a town and the administrative center of the Sunzhensky District of the Republic of Ingushetia, Russia. Before 2016 it was called Ordzhonikidzevskaya, after Soviet political leader Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze. Population: As of the ...
river.


Caucasian War

During the
Caucasian War The Caucasian War () or the Caucasus War was a 19th-century military conflict between the Russian Empire and various peoples of the North Caucasus who resisted subjugation during the Russian conquest of the Caucasus. It consisted of a series o ...
, the Galashians bitterly resisted the Russian expansion in the region and were commonly referred as "un-ruly" or "half-conquered" by the
Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its establishment in November 1721 until the proclamation of the Russian Republic in September 1917. At its height in the late 19th century, it covered about , roughl ...
, as they never really did bow under the Russian rule and continued on making raids on Russian royal fortifications and settlements. The Galashians actively participated on the side of
Imamate The term imamate or ''imamah'' (, ''imāmah'') means "leadership" and refers to the office of an ''imam'' or a Muslim theocratic state ruled by an ''imam''. Theology *Imamate in Shia doctrine, the doctrine of the leadership of the Muslim commu ...
, so on March 1840, the Galashian and Karabulak (Orstkhoy)
societies A society () is a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction or a large social group sharing the same spatial or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. ...
participated in the uprising of
Chechnya Chechnya, officially the Chechen Republic, is a Republics of Russia, republic of Russia. It is situated in the North Caucasus of Eastern Europe, between the Caspian Sea and Black Sea. The republic forms a part of the North Caucasian Federa ...
and with their deputies together with
Chechens The Chechens ( ; , , Old Chechen: Нахчой, ''Naxçoy''), historically also known as ''Kistin, Kisti'' and ''Durdzuks'', are a Northeast Caucasian languages, Northeast Caucasian ethnic group of the Nakh peoples native to the North Caucasus. ...
solemnly swore allegiance to
Imam Shamil Imam Shamil (; ; ; ; ; 26 June 1797 – 4 February 1871) was the political, military, and spiritual leader of North Caucasian resistance to Imperial Russia in the 1800s, the third Imam of the Caucasian Imamate (1840–1859), and a Sunni Muslim ...
in the large center village of Lesser Chechnya,
Urus-Martan Urus-Martan (; , ''Ẋalxa-Marta'' or , ''Martanthi'') is a types of inhabited localities in Russia, town and the administrative center of Urus-Martanovsky District of the Chechen Republic, Russia, located on the Martan River. Population: Geogr ...
, thus becoming part of the Imamate. As the letter of Muhammad Amin Asiyalav dating back to October 1848 states, the Naib of Vilayet Kalay (Galashkinskoe ''Naibstvo'') was selected Muhammad-Mirza Anzorov, a Kabardian
naib Nawab is a royal title indicating a ruler, often of a South Asian state, in many ways comparable to the Western title of Prince. The relationship of a Nawab to the Emperor of India has been compared to that of the Kings of Saxony to the Ge ...
, who also at the time ruled Minor Chechnya as the district of Imamate: The Galashians were conquered in the end of Caucasian War after numerous punitive expeditions. Chronology of major events: * 1830 — Punitive expedition of Abkhazov to mountainous Ingushetia, during which the Galashian society was also affected. * 1832 — Due to the collaboration of
Ingush Ingush may refer to: * Ingush language, Northeast Caucasian language * Ingush people, an ethnic group of the North Caucasus See also *Ingushetia (disambiguation) Ingushetia is a federal republic and subject of Russia. Ingushetia may also refer ...
with Ghazi Muhammad and the murder of a bailiff, Rozen led a punitive expedition on Ingush and went through
Dzheyrakh Dzheyrakh ( or ; ) - is a village and administrative center of Dzheyrakhsky District, in the Republic of Ingushetia, Russia. Etymology The name "Dzheyrakh" is associated with the Arabic name Jarrah (name), Jarrah ("inflicting wounds"). Accordin ...
and Metskhal around Khamkhi and
Tsori Tsori (, ) a rural locality (a '' selo'') in Dzheyrakhsky District of Ingushetia. It is part of the . Tsori is the ancestral settlement of Ingush clan (''teip'') of Tsoroy () and the historical center of Tsorin society. Name The toponym ...
, during which the Galashian society was also affected. * 1840 — the Karabulak (Orstkhoy) and Galashian societies joined the uprising of Chechnya and with their deputies together with Chechens solemnly swore allegiance to
Imam Shamil Imam Shamil (; ; ; ; ; 26 June 1797 – 4 February 1871) was the political, military, and spiritual leader of North Caucasian resistance to Imperial Russia in the 1800s, the third Imam of the Caucasian Imamate (1840–1859), and a Sunni Muslim ...
in the large center village of Lesser Chechnya,
Urus-Martan Urus-Martan (; , ''Ẋalxa-Marta'' or , ''Martanthi'') is a types of inhabited localities in Russia, town and the administrative center of Urus-Martanovsky District of the Chechen Republic, Russia, located on the Martan River. Population: Geogr ...
. Thus Galashkinskoe Naibstvo was established. * January 1847 — Russian troops under the command of General Nesterov made a punitive expedition to Galashian Gorge. * 1858 — The Galashians together with the
Nazranians The Nazranians () were a historical Ingush ethnoterritorial subethnic group (''society'') which inhabited modern day Nazranovsky District and Prigorodny District. History Early History The Nazranian society in the second half of the 18th c ...
took part in one of the episodes of the Great Caucasian War — the Nazran uprising, which ended unsuccessfully and the leaders of the uprising were either executed or exiled. * After the end of the war — Galashians, alongside Akkins, Tsorins and Ghalghaï were forcibly evicted/resettled to lowlands and their lands were given to
Cossacks The Cossacks are a predominantly East Slavic languages, East Slavic Eastern Christian people originating in the Pontic–Caspian steppe of eastern Ukraine and southern Russia. Cossacks played an important role in defending the southern borde ...
.


Modern History

After the
Russian Revolution The Russian Revolution was a period of Political revolution (Trotskyism), political and social revolution, social change in Russian Empire, Russia, starting in 1917. This period saw Russia Dissolution of the Russian Empire, abolish its mona ...
of 1917, when the Cossack stripes that divided the
Ingush societies Ingush societies or shahars () were ethnoterritorial associations of the Ingush people, Ingush based on the geographical association of several villages and intended for conditional administrative-territorial delimitation of the Ingush ethnic grou ...
were mostly eliminated, the official significance of territorial societies weakened, and soon after the formation of the
Ingush Autonomous Oblast Ingush Autonomous ''Oblast'' (, ) was an autonomous ''oblast'' of the Russian SFSR in the Soviet Union, created on 7 July 1924. Since 16 October 1924 it belonged to North Caucasus Krai North Caucasus Krai (, ''Severo-Kavkazskiy kray'') was an ...
, it completely disappeared. Nevertheless, for some time the Ingush who inhabited the foothill lands and especially the , continued to be called Galashians.


Demographics


See also

* Galashkinskoe Naibstvo *
Ingush societies Ingush societies or shahars () were ethnoterritorial associations of the Ingush people, Ingush based on the geographical association of several villages and intended for conditional administrative-territorial delimitation of the Ingush ethnic grou ...
*
Nazranians The Nazranians () were a historical Ingush ethnoterritorial subethnic group (''society'') which inhabited modern day Nazranovsky District and Prigorodny District. History Early History The Nazranian society in the second half of the 18th c ...
*
Khamkhins Khamkhins (), also known as Ghalghaï, were a historical Ingush ethnoterritorial society, which was located in the upper reaches of the Assa River. The Khamkhin society, like the Tsorin society, was formed from the former "Ghalghaï society" as ...
*
Fyappiy The Feappii () were an Ingush people, Ingush subgroup (''Ingush societies, society'') that mostly inhabited the mountainous Fappi region of Ingushetia in the Caucasus. Historically, they bordered on the west with Dzherakh, on the east with Khamk ...


Notes


References


Bibliography


English sources

*


Russian sources

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ** ** * * * * * {{Cite book, last=Чудиновъ, first=В., year=1889, editor-last=Чернявскій, editor-first=И. С., chapter-url={{Google books, KeUlZVh9DLAC, page=1, plainurl=yes, chapter=Окончательное покореніе осетинъ, trans-chapter=The final conquest of the Ossetians, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KeUlZVh9DLAC, title=Кавказскій сборникъ, trans-title=Caucasian Collection, language=ru, volume=13, location=Тифлисъ, publisher=Типографія Окружнаго штаба Кавказскаго военнаго округа, pages=1–122 History of Ingushetia Ingush societies