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Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch
The ''Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch'' (''IEW''; "Indo-European Etymological Dictionary") was published in 1959 by the Austrian-Czech comparative linguist and Celtic languages expert Julius Pokorny. It is an updated and slimmed-down reworking of the three-volume ''Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der indogermanischen Sprachen'' (1927–1932, by Alois Walde and Julius Pokorny). Both of these works aim to provide an overview of the lexical knowledge of the Proto-Indo-European language accumulated through the early 20th century. The ''IEW'' is now significantly outdated, especially as it was conservative even when it was written, ignoring the now integral laryngeal theory, and hardly including any Anatolian material. Editions *A. Francke, 1st ed. (1959) three vols. in one, via Internet Ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Julius Pokorny
Julius Pokorny (12 June 1887 – 8 April 1970) was an Austrian-Czech linguist and scholar of the Celtic languages and of Celtic studies, particularly of the Irish language, and a supporter of Irish nationalism. He held academic posts in Austrian and German universities. Early life and education Julius Pokorny was born on 12 June 1887 in Prague, Bohemia, under the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was educated at the Piarist School in Prague and the Benedictine Abbey school in Kremsmünster, Austria. From 1905 until 1911, he studied at the University of Vienna, graduating in law and philology, and he taught there from 1913 to 1920. Career During World War I, Pokorny was a pro-German propagandist, urging Irish republicans to launch the Easter Rising against the British Empire. He is known to have met and corresponded with Roger Casement, an activist for Irish independence who was executed in 1916. Pokorny also served in the war as a reservist in the Austro-Hungarian Army (Cisleitha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alois Walde
Alois Walde (November 30, 1869 – October 3, 1924) was an Austrian linguist. Alois Walde studied classical philology and comparative linguistics at the University of Innsbruck where he was awarded a PhD in 1894. The year after, he became a state employee at the university library. In 1895, he was awarded his ''habilitation'' and became a professor in 1904 at the University of Innsbruck. 1909-1912, Walde was Professor of comparative linguistics at the University of Giessen, but returned in 1912 to Innsbruck where he became the dean of faculty in 1914 and rector of the university in 1916. The year after, he became a corresponding member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. In 1922, he took up a professorship at Albertina University Königsberg. In the same year, Walde accepted a professorship at Breslau University for 1924, but he died before he could take the new position.Walter Porzig: ''Alois Walde.'' In: ''Indogermanisches Jahrbuch.'' Volume 10, 1926, , pp. 421–428 (with p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proto-Indo-European Language
Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family. No direct record of Proto-Indo-European exists; its proposed features have been derived by linguistic reconstruction from documented Indo-European languages. Far more work has gone into reconstructing PIE than any other proto-language, and it is the best understood of all proto-languages of its age. The majority of linguistic work during the 19th century was devoted to the reconstruction of PIE and its daughter languages, and many of the modern techniques of linguistic reconstruction (such as the comparative method) were developed as a result. PIE is hypothesized to have been spoken as a single language from approximately 4500 BCE to 2500 BCE during the Late Neolithic to Early Bronze Age, though estimates vary by more than a thousand years. According to the prevailing Kurgan hypothesis, the original homeland of the Proto-Indo-Europeans may have been in the Pon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Laryngeal Theory
The laryngeal theory is a theory in historical linguistics positing that the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) language included a number of laryngeal consonants that are not linguistic reconstruction, reconstructable by direct application of the comparative method (linguistics), comparative method to the Indo-European family. The "missing" sounds remain consonants of an indeterminate place of articulation towards the back of the mouth, though further information is difficult to derive. Proponents aim to use the theory to: * Produce greater regularity in the reconstruction of PIE phonology than from the reconstruction that is produced by the comparative method. * Extend the general occurrence of the Indo-European ablaut to syllables with reconstructed vowel phonemes other than or . In its earlier form (#History, see below), the theory proposed two sounds in PIE. Combined with a reconstructed or , the sounds produce vowel phonemes that would not otherwise be predicted by the rules o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anatolian Languages
The Anatolian languages are an extinct branch of Indo-European languages that were spoken in Anatolia. The best known Anatolian language is Hittite, which is considered the earliest-attested Indo-European language. Undiscovered until the late 19th and early 20th centuries, they are often believed to be the earliest branch to have split from the Proto Indo-European family. Once discovered, the presence of laryngeal consonants ''ḫ'' and ''ḫḫ'' in Hittite and Luwian provided support for the laryngeal theory of Proto-Indo-European linguistics. While Hittite attestation ends after the Bronze Age, hieroglyphic Luwian survived until the conquest of the Neo-Hittite kingdoms by the Semitic Assyrian Empire, and alphabetic inscriptions in Anatolian languages are fragmentarily attested until the early first millennium AD, eventually succumbing to the Hellenization of Anatolia as a result of Greek colonisation. Origins The Anatolian branch is often considered the earliest to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proto-Indo-European Root
The roots of the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) are basic parts of words to carry a lexical meaning, so-called morphemes. PIE roots usually have verbal meaning like "to eat" or "to run". Roots never occurred alone in the language. Complete inflected verbs, nouns, and adjectives were formed by adding further morphemes to a root and potentially changing the root's vowel in a process called ablaut. A root consists of a central vowel that is preceded and followed by at least one consonant each. A number of rules have been determined to specify which consonants can occur together, and in which order. The modern understanding of these rules is that the consonants with the highest sonority () are nearest to the vowel, and the ones with the lowest sonority such as plosives are furthest away. There are some exceptions to these rules such as thorn clusters. Sometimes new roots were created in PIE or its early descendants by various processes such as root extensions ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grundriß Der Vergleichenden Grammatik Der Indogermanischen Sprachen
( German for 'Outline of the comparative grammar of the Indo-Germanic languages') is a major work of historical linguistics by Karl Brugmann and Berthold Delbrück, published in two editions between 1886 and 1916. Brugmann treated phonology and morphology, and Delbrück treated syntax. The grammar of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is reconstructed from those of its daughter languages known in the late 19th century. The work represents a major step in Indo-European studies, after Franz Bopp's ''Comparative Grammar'' of 1833 and August Schleicher's ''Compendium'' of 1871. Brugmann's neogrammarian re-evaluation of PIE resulted in a view that in its essence continued to be valid until present times. First edition *Brugmann **Volume I: Phonology (1886) **Volume II, Part I: Noun (1888) **Volume II, Part II: Numerals and Pronouns, Verb (1892) **Indices (1893) *Delbrück **Volume III: Syntax, Part I (1893) **Volume IV: Syntax, Part II (1897) **Volume V: Syntax, Part III (1900) The volumes of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karl Brugmann
Friedrich Karl Brugmann (; 16 March 1849 – 29 June 1919) was a German linguist. He is noted for his work in Indo-European linguistics. Biography Friedrich Karl Brugman was born in Wiesbaden to a middle-class family in 1849. He was educated at the universities of Halle and Leipzig. He taught at the gymnasium at Wiesbaden and at Leipzig, and between 1872 and 1877 was assistant at the Russian Institute of Classical Philology at the latter. In 1877 he was lecturer at the University of Leipzig, and in 1882 became professor of comparative philology there. In 1884 he took the same position at the University of Freiburg, but returned to Leipzig in 1887 as successor to Georg Curtius; for the rest of his professional life (until 1919), Brugmann was professor of Sanskrit and comparative linguistics there. As a young man, Brugmann sided with the emerging Neogrammarian school, which asserted the inviolability of phonetic laws ( Brugmann's law) and adhered to a strict research methodo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Berthold Delbrück
Berthold Gustav Gottlieb Delbrück (; 26 July 1842 – 3 January 1922) was a German linguist who devoted himself to the study of the comparative syntax of the Indo-European languages. Early life Delbrück was born in Putbus. He studied at the universities of Halle and Berlin, receiving his doctorate at Halle in 1863. In 1870 he succeeded August Leskien as an associate professor at the University of Jena, where in 1873 he was named a full professor of Sanskrit and comparative linguistics. Career In 1871 he published a study of the subjunctive and optative moods in Sanskrit and Greek, which was the first thoroughly methodical and complete treatment of a problem in comparative syntax. His great achievement, however, was preparing volumes iii, iv, and v on syntax entitled ''Vergleichende Syntax der indogermanischen Sprachen'' in ''Grundriß der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen'' ("Outline of the Comparative Grammar of the Indo-Germanic Languages"), publish ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lexikon Der Indogermanischen Verben
The ''Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben'' (''LIV'', ''Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs'') is an etymological dictionary of the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) verb. The first edition appeared in 1998, edited by Helmut Rix. A second edition followed in 2001. The book may be seen as an update to the verb entries of the ''Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch'' (''IEW'') by Julius Pokorny. It was the first dictionary fully utilizing the modern three-laryngeal theory with reconstructions of Indo-European verbal roots. The ''LIVs hypothesis about aspect The authors of the ''LIV'' assume a dichotomy between '' telic'' verbs (terminated: for example, 'to light up') and ''atelic'' verbs (ongoing: for example, 'to shine') in early stages of Proto-Indo-European. Before the daughter languages split off, ''aspect'' emerged as a new grammatical category. Telic verbs were interpreted as aorist forms, and the missing present was formed with various suffixes (for example, ) and the nasal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Helmut Rix
Helmut Rix (4 July 1926, in Amberg – 3 December 2004, in Colmar) was a German linguist and professor of the Sprachwissenschaftliches Seminar of Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg, Germany. He is best known for his research into Indo-European studies, Indo-European and Etruscan language, Etruscan languages, as well as for being the author of the hypothesis of Tyrrhenian languages. Biography Helmut Rix was born in 1926 in Amberg to a family of teachers. Following high school and conscripted service in the Kriegsmarine, German navy during World War II, he studied Indo-European studies, classical philology, and history at University of Würzburg, Wurzburg in 1946 and University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg from 1947. There he received his doctorate in 1950 with his dissertation ''Bausteine zu einer Hydronymie Alt-Italiens''. From 1951 he was assistant to Hans Krahe at University of Tübingen, Tübingen and from 1955 lecturer in Latin and Greek at the Lutheran Augustana Divinit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indo-European Etymological Dictionary
The ''Indo-European Etymological Dictionary'' (commonly abbreviated ''IEED'') is a research project of the Department of Comparative Indo-European studies, Indo-European Linguistics at Leiden University, initiated in 1991 by Peter Schrijver and others. It is financially supported by the Faculty of Humanities and Centre for Linguistics of Leiden University, Brill Publishers, and the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research. Overview The IEED project is supervised by Alexander Lubotsky. It aims to accomplish the following goals: * to compile etymology, etymological databases for the individual branches of Indo-European languages, Indo-European, containing all the words that can be traced back to Proto-Indo-European language, Proto-Indo-European, and print them in Brill Publishers, Brill's ''Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary'' series, * to publish those databases free of charge electronically on the Internet, by utilizing Sergei Starostin's STARLING software techno ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
