Julius Pokorny

Julius Pokorny (12 June 1887 – 8 April 1970) was an Austrian-Czech linguist and scholar of the Celtic languages and of Celtic studies, particularly of the Irish language, and a supporter of Irish nationalism. He held academic posts in Austrian and German universities.

Early life and education

Julius Pokorny was born on 12 June 1887 in Prague, Bohemia, under the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was educated at the Piarist School in Prague and the Benedictine Abbey school in Kremsmünster, Austria. From 1905 until 1911, he studied at the University of Vienna, graduating in law and philology, and he taught there from 1913 to 1920.

Career

During World War I, Pokorny was a pro-German propagandist, urging Irish republicans to launch the Easter Rising against the British Empire. He is known to have met and corresponded with Roger Casement, an activist for Irish independence who was executed in 1916. Pokorny also served in the war as a reservist in the Austro-Hungarian Army (Cisleithanian) Army starting in 1916.

In 1920, he succeeded Kuno Meyer as Chair of Celtic Philology at Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin. Although baptised Catholic at birth and being sympathetic to German nationalism, he was suspended in 1933 under the Nazi Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, because of his Jewish ancestry. He was reinstated later that year under the exemption for those who had worn the uniform of Germany or its allies in World War I, which had been insisted on by Weimar Republic President Paul von Hindenburg as a precondition before he signed the bill into law. In 1935, he was dismissed once again under the provisions of the racist Nuremberg Laws; which led to his replacement as the Berlin Chair for Celtic Studies by . He continued to live more or less openly in Berlin until at least 1939, but lived a shadowy and underground existence there from around 1940 until he escaped to Switzerland in 1943. He taught for a few years at the University of Bern and at the University of Zurich until his retirement in 1959.

In 1954, he received an honorary professorship at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, where he taught part-time in 1956 and again from 1960 to 1965. He was awarded honorary degrees by the University of Wales at Swansea in 1965 and Edinburgh University in 1967.

Death

He died in Zürich in 1970, almost three weeks after being hit by a tram not far from his home.

Scholarship

He was the editor of the journal of philological studies from 1921 until forced out by the Nazis in 1939, and was responsible for reviving it in 1954. He continued to edit it until his death in 1970. He is the author of the ('Indo-European Etymological Dictionary'; 1959), which was a central text in its time. He also published several collections of Irish writing in German translation, and a thoroughly Irish nationalist history of Ireland in 1916, which appeared in English translation in 1933.

Pokorny was a dedicated supporter of the Pan-Illyrian theory and located the Illyrian civilisation's between the Weser and the Vistula and east from that region where migration began around 2400 BC. Pokorny suggested that Illyrian elements were to be found in much of continental Europe and also in Britain and Ireland. His "Illyromania" derived in part from archaeological "Germanomania" and was supported by contemporary place-names specialists such as Max Vasmer (1928, 1929) and Hans Krahe (1929, 1935, 1940).Krahe, Hans. ''Lexikon altillyrischer Personennamen'' (Dictionary of Old Illyrian personal names) (1929).

Works

; Books
* ''Der Ursprung der Arthursage''. Vienna: Anthropologische Gesellschaft, 1909.
* ''A Concise Old Irish Grammar and Reader''. Halle an der Saale: Max Niemeyer; Dublin: Hodges/Figgis, 1914.
* ''Irland''. Gotha: F.A. Perthes, 1916 (Perthes' kleine Völker- und Länderkunde 1).
** English translation: ''A History of Ireland'', trans. Séana D King. London: Longmans; NY: Green and Co., 1933.
* ''Die älteste Lyrik der grünen Insel''. Halle: M. Niemeyer, 1923.
* ''A Historical Reader of Old Irish: Texts, Paradigms, Notes, and a Complete Glossary''. Halle: M. Niemeyer (reprint: New York: AMS, 1985).
* ''Altirische Grammatik''. Berlin–Leipzig: Walter de Gruyter, 1925.
* Alois Walde, ''Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der indogermanischen Sprachen'', 3 vols. Edited and supplemented by Julius Pokorny. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1927–1932 (reprint: 1973, ).
* ''Zur Urgeschichte der Kelten und Illyrier''. Halle: M. Niemeyer, 1938.
* ''Altkeltische Dichtungen: Aus dem Irisch-Gälischen und Cymrischen übertragen und eingeleitet''. Bern: A. Francke, 1944.
* with Vittore Pisani, ''Allgemeine und vergleichende Sprachwissenschaft: Indogermanistik. Keltologie''. Bern: A. Francke, 1953.
* ''Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch'', 2 vols. Tübingen–Bern–Munich: A. Francke, 1957/1969 (1st edn.), 2005 (5th edn.).

; Articles
* "Der Gral in Irland und die mythischen Grundlagen der Gralsage", ''Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien'' 62 (1912): 1–15.
* "Erschienene Schriften: Rudolf Thurneysen, Zu irischen Handschriften und Literaturdenkmälern", '' Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie'' (ZCP) 9 (1913): 184–6.
* "Die englische Herrschaft in Irland", ''Petermanns Mitteilungen'' 62 (1916): 361–65, 409–12.
* "Der irische Aufstand von 1798", ''Irische Blätter'' 4 (1916): 331–340.
* "Rasse und Volk in Irland", ''Irische Blätter'' 7 (1917): 524–528.
* "Beiträge zur ältesten Geschichte Irlands. 1. Die Fir Bolg, die Urbevölkerung Irlands", ''ZCP'' 11 (1916–17): 189–204.
* "Beiträge zur ältesten Geschichte Irlands. 2. Der gae bolga und die nördliche, nicht-iberische Urbevölkerung der Britischen Inseln", ''ZCP'' 12 (1918): 195–231.
* "Beiträge zur ältesten Geschichte Irlands. 3. Érainn, Dárin(n)e und die Iverni und Darini des Ptolemäus", ''ZCP'' 12 (1918): 323–357.
* "Zu Morands Fürstenspiegel", ''ZCP'' 13 (1921): 43–6.
* "Das nichtindogermanische Substrat im Irischen", ''ZCP'' 16 (1927): 95–144, 231–66, 363–94; 17 (1928): 373–88; 18 (1930): 233–48.
* "Substrattheorie und Urheimat der Indogermanen", ''Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien'' 66 (1936): 69–91.
* "Zum nichtindogermanischen Substrat im Inselkeltischen", ''Die Sprache'' 1 (1949): 235–45.
* "Die Geographie Irland bei Ptolemaios", ''ZCP'' 24 (1954): 94–120.
*"Keltische Urgeschichte und Sprachwissenschaft", ''Die Sprache'' 5 (1959): 152–64.
* "The Pre-Celtic Inhabitants of Ireland", '' Celtica'' 5 (1960): 229–40.

See also

* Gustaf Kossinna
* Pan-Illyrian theories

References

;Citations

;Bibliography
*
*

Further reading

*

External links

Bibliography of the Scientific Publications of Julius Pokorny

Book announcement for Pól Ó Dochartaigh, ''Julius Pokorny, 1887–1970: Germans, Celts and Nationalism''

Mentioned in James Joyce's ''Ulysses''

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pokorny, Julius
1887 births
1970 deaths
Celtic studies scholars
Linguists from the Czech Republic
Linguists from Austria
Linguists from Switzerland
Linguists of Celtic languages
Linguists of Indo-European languages
Etymologists
Jews from Austria-Hungary
Austrian expatriates in Switzerland
Austrian expatriates in Germany
Czech expatriates in Germany
Writers from Prague
Pedestrian road incident deaths
Road incident deaths in Switzerland
Jewish scholars
20th-century linguists
Jewish linguists