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INCENP
Inner centromere protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''INCENP'' gene. It is a regulatory protein in the chromosome passenger Protein complex, complex (CPC) . It is involved in regulation of the catalytic proteins Aurora kinase B, Aurora B and Aurora kinase C, Aurora C. It acts in association with two other proteins - Survivin and CDCA8, Borealin. These proteins form a tight three-helical bundle. The N-terminal protein domain, domain of INCENP is the domain involved in formation of this three-helical bundle while its C-terminus, C-terminal Protein domain, domain is responsible for the interaction with Aurora B. In mammalian cells, two broad groups of centromere-interacting proteins have been described: constitutively binding centromere proteins and 'passenger' (or transiently interacting) proteins. The constitutive proteins include CENPA (centromere protein A), centromere protein B, CENPB, CENPC1, and RCC1, CENPD. The term 'passenger proteins' encompasses a broa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aurora Kinase B
Aurora kinase B is a protein that functions in the attachment of the mitotic spindle to the centromere and in cytokinesis. Discovery In 1998, Aurora kinase B was identified in humans by a polymerase chain reaction screen for kinases that are overexpressed in cancers. In the same year, rat Aurora kinase B was identified in a screen designed to find kinases that altered S. cerevisiae proliferation when overexpressed. Expression and subcellular localization The expression and activity of Aurora B are regulated according to the cell cycle. Expression of Aurora B reaches a maximum at the G2-M transition, whereas Aurora B protein is most active during mitosis. Aurora B is a chromosomal passenger protein. Specifically, Aurora B localizes to the chromosomes in prophase, the centromere in prometaphase and metaphase, and the central mitotic spindle in anaphase. This localization has been determined by indirect immunofluorescence in mammalian, Caenorhabditis elegans, C. elegans, and Dro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aurora Kinase C
Aurora kinase C, also Serine/threonine-protein kinase 13 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''AURKC'' gene. Function This gene encodes a member of the highly conserved Aurora subfamily of serine/threonine protein kinases with two other members, Aurora A and Aurora B. The encoded protein is a chromosomal passenger protein that forms complexes with Aurora-B and inner centromere proteins and may play a role in organizing microtubules in relation to centrosome/ spindle function during mitosis. This gene is overexpressed in several cancer cell lines, suggesting an involvement in oncogenic signal transduction. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Function Temporal expression patterns and subcellular localization of Aurora kinases in mitotic cells from G2 to cytokinesis indicate association with mitotic and meiotic structure. Although yeast contain only one Aurora kinase and C. elegans and Drosophila contain only two, mammals have three Aur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Survivin
Survivin, also called baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis repeat-containing 5 or BIRC5, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ''BIRC5'' gene. Survivin is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family. The survivin protein functions to inhibit caspase activation, thereby leading to negative regulation of apoptosis or programmed cell death. This has been shown by disruption of survivin induction pathways leading to increase in apoptosis and decrease in tumour growth. The survivin protein is expressed highly in most human tumours and fetal tissue, but is completely absent in terminally differentiated cells. Structure Survivin is distinguished from other IAP family members in that it has only one baculoviral IAP repeat (BIR) domain. The protein is 16.5 kDa large and is the smallest member of the IAP family. Function Survivin is expressed in a cell cycle-dependent manner, with highest levels in the G2/M phase. It localizes to the mitotic spindle during cell di ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CDCA8
Borealin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CDCA8'' gene. Function CDCA8 is a component of a chromosomal passenger complex required for stability of the bipolar mitotic spindle. Interactions CDCA8 has been shown to interact with INCENP, Survivin Survivin, also called baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis repeat-containing 5 or BIRC5, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ''BIRC5'' gene. Survivin is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family. The survivin protein functi ... and Aurora B kinase. References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * External links * {{gene-1-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Centromere Protein E
Centromere-associated protein E is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CENPE'' gene. Centromere-associated protein E is a kinesin-like motor protein that accumulates in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. Unlike other centromere-associated proteins, it is not present during interphase Interphase is the active portion of the cell cycle that includes the G1, S, and G2 phases, where the cell grows, replicates its DNA, and prepares for mitosis, respectively. Interphase was formerly called the "resting phase," but the cell i ... and first appears at the centromere region of chromosomes during prometaphase. CENPE is proposed to be one of the motors responsible for mammalian chromosome movement and/or spindle elongation. CENPE is also called Kinesin-7. Clinical significance Mutations in ''CENPE'' result in autosomal recessive primary microcephaly type 13, which includes skeletal abnormalities and immunodeficiency. See also * '' CENPF'' *'' CENPJ'' * '' CENPT'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CENPA
Centromere protein A, also known as CENPA, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''CENPA'' gene. CENPA is a histone H3 variant which is the critical factor determining the kinetochore position(s) on each chromosome in most eukaryotes including humans. Function CENPA is a protein which epigenetically defines the position of the centromere on each chromosome, determining the position of kinetochore assembly and the final site of sister chromatid cohesion during mitosis. This proteins is frequently accompanied by "centrochromatin"-associated changes to canonical histones and is constitutively present in centromeres. The CENPA protein is a histone H3 variant which replaces one or both canonical H3 histones in a subset of nucleosomes within centromeric chromatin. CENPA has the greatest sequence divergence of the histone H3 variants, with just 48% similarity to canonical histone H3, and has a highly diverged N-terminal tail that lacks many well characterised histone ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CLIP1
CAP-Gly domain containing linker protein 1, also known as CLIP1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''CLIP1'' gene. Interactions CLIP1 has been shown to interact with IQGAP1, Mammalian target of rapamycin and PAFAH1B1 Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase IB subunit alpha or Lisencephaly protein-1 (LIS-1) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PAFAH1B1'' gene. The protein plays an important role in regulating the motor protein dynein. Function .... References External links * Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * {{gene-12-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
KIF2C
Kinesin-like protein KIF2C is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KIF2C'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of kinesin-like protein family, and contains common ATPase site structures such as the P-loop, Switch 1, and Switch 2. Most proteins of this family are microtubule-dependent molecular motors that transport organelles within cells and move chromosomes during cell division. This protein acts to regulate microtubule dynamics in cells and is important for anaphase chromosome segregation and may be required to coordinate the onset of sister centromere The centromere links a pair of sister chromatids together during cell division. This constricted region of chromosome connects the sister chromatids, creating a short arm (p) and a long arm (q) on the chromatids. During mitosis, spindle fiber ... separation. References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * External links * {{Cytoskeletal proteins Human pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
KIF22
Kinesin-like protein KIF22 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KIF22'' gene In biology, the word gene has two meanings. The Mendelian gene is a basic unit of heredity. The molecular gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA. There are two types of molecular genes: protei .... The protein encoded by this gene is a member of kinesin-like protein family. This family of proteins are microtubule-dependent molecular motors that transport organelles within cells and move chromosomes during cell division. The C-terminal half of this protein has been shown to bind DNA. Studies with the Xenopus homolog suggests an essential role in metaphase chromosome alignment and maintenance. Interactions KIF22 has been shown to interact with SIAH1. Clinical relevance Mutations in this gene have been shown to cause developmental disorders such as Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia with joint laxity. References Further reading * * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
DYNC1H1
Cytoplasmic dynein 1 heavy chain 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''DYNC1H1'' gene. Dynein is a molecular motor protein that is responsible for the transport of numerous cellular cargoes to minus ends of microtubules, which are typically found in the center of a cell, or the cell body of neurons. It is located on the 14th chromosome at position 14q32.31. Cytoplasmic dynein transports cargoes along the axon in the retrograde direction, bringing materials from the axon to the cell body. Dynein heavy chain binds microtubules and hydrolyzes ATP at its C-terminal head. It binds cargo via interaction with other dynein subunits at its N-terminal tail. Interactions DYNC1H1 has been shown to Protein-protein interaction, interact with a large variety of proteins that act as adaptors and regulators. The dynein motor protein complex itself is a large, 1.4 MDa multimeric complex composed of dimerized heavy chains, two intermediate chains, two light intermediate chains, and add ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residue (biochemistry), residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including Enzyme catalysis, catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, Cell signaling, responding to stimuli, providing Cytoskeleton, structure to cells and Fibrous protein, organisms, and Intracellular transport, transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the Nucleic acid sequence, nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific Protein structure, 3D structure that determines its activity. A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide. A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides, containing less than 20–30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called pep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CENPF
Centromere protein F is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CENPF'' gene. It is involved in chromosome segregation during cell division. It also has a role in the orientation of microtubules to form cellular cilia. Function CENPF is part of the nuclear matrix during the G2 phase of the cell cycle (the phase of rapid protein synthesis in preparation for mitosis). In late G2, the protein forms part of the kinetochore, a disc-shaped protein complex that allows the centromere of two sister chromatids to attach to microtubules (forming the spindle apparatus) in order for the microtubules to pull them apart in the process of dividing the cell. It remains part of the kinetochore through early anaphase (the chromosome-dividing phase). In late anaphase, CENPF localises to the spindle midzone, and in telophase (the cell-dividing phase) it localises to the intercellular bridge. It is thought to be subsequently degraded. Mutations in ''CENPF'' lead to impaired cell division ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
