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History Of Massively Multiplayer Online Games
The history of massively multiplayer online games spans over thirty years and hundreds of massively multiplayer online games (MMOG) titles. The origin and influence on MMO games stems from Multi-user dungeon, MUDs, ''Dungeons & Dragons'' (D&D) and earlier social games. The first virtual worlds In 1974, ''Mazewar'' introduced the first graphic virtual world, providing a first-person perspective view of a maze in which players roamed around shooting at each other. It was also the first networked game, in which players at different computers could visually interact in a virtual space. The initial implementation was over a serial cable; however, when one of the authors began attending Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT in 1974, the game was enhanced so that it could be played across the ARPAnet, forerunner of the modern Internet. ''Colossal Cave Adventure, Adventure'', created in 1975 by Will Crowther on a Digital Equipment Corporation, DEC PDP-10 computer, was the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Massively Multiplayer Online Games
A massively multiplayer online game (MMOG or more commonly MMO) is an online video game with a large number of players to interact in the same online game world. MMOs usually feature a huge, persistent world, persistent open world, although there are games that differ. These games can be found for most network-capable platforms, including the personal computer, video game console, or Mobile app, smartphones and other mobile devices. MMOs can enable players to cooperate and compete with each other on a large scale, and sometimes to interact meaningfully with people around the world. They include a variety of gameplay types, representing many video game genres. History The most popular type of MMOG, and the subgenre that pioneered the category, is the massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG), which descended from university mainframe computer Multi-user dungeon, MUD and adventure games such as ''Rogue (video game), Rogue'' and ''Dungeon (video game), Dungeon'' o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nick Montfort
Nick Montfort is an American computer scientist and poet who is a professor of digital media at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he directs a lab called The Trope Tank. He also holds a part-time position at the University of Bergen where he leads a node on computational narrative systems at the Center for Digital Narrative. Among his publications are seven books of Natural-language generation, computer-generated literature and six books from the MIT Press, several of which are collaborations. His work also includes digital projects, many of them in the form of short programs. He lives in New York City. Computer-generated books Montfort's ''The Truelist'' (Counterpath, 2017) is a computer-generated book-length poem produced by a one-page computer program. The code is included at the end of the book. Montfort has also done a complete studio recording reading ''The Truelist,'' available at PennSound. Among Montfort's computer-generated books is ''#!'' (pronounced "sheba ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
C (Programming Language)
C (''pronounced'' '' – like the letter c'') is a general-purpose programming language. It was created in the 1970s by Dennis Ritchie and remains very widely used and influential. By design, C's features cleanly reflect the capabilities of the targeted Central processing unit, CPUs. It has found lasting use in operating systems code (especially in Kernel (operating system), kernels), device drivers, and protocol stacks, but its use in application software has been decreasing. C is commonly used on computer architectures that range from the largest supercomputers to the smallest microcontrollers and embedded systems. A successor to the programming language B (programming language), B, C was originally developed at Bell Labs by Ritchie between 1972 and 1973 to construct utilities running on Unix. It was applied to re-implementing the kernel of the Unix operating system. During the 1980s, C gradually gained popularity. It has become one of the most widely used programming langu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
BCPL
BCPL ("Basic Combined Programming Language") is a procedural, imperative, and structured programming language. Originally intended for writing compilers for other languages, BCPL is no longer in common use. However, its influence is still felt because a stripped down and syntactically changed version of BCPL, called B, was the language on which the C programming language was based. BCPL introduced several features of many modern programming languages, including using curly braces to delimit code blocks. BCPL was first implemented by Martin Richards of the University of Cambridge in 1967. Design BCPL was designed so that small and simple compilers could be written for it; reputedly some compilers could be run in 16 kilobytes. Furthermore, the original compiler, itself written in BCPL, was easily portable. BCPL was thus a popular choice for bootstrapping a system. A major reason for the compiler's portability lay in its structure. It was split into two parts: the front ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Designing Virtual Worlds
''Designing Virtual Worlds'' is a book about the practice of virtual world development by Richard Bartle. It has been noted as an authoritative source regarding the history of world-based online games. College courses have been taught using it. In 2021, the author made the book freely available under a Creative Commons license on his website. Contents ''Designing Virtual Worlds'' argues that the fundamentals of player relationships to the virtual world and each other are independent of technical issues and are characterized by a blending of online and offline identity. According to the book, it is the designer's role to know what will provide players with a positive game experience, the purpose of virtual worlds is the player's exploration of self, as well as for its expansion of the earlier 4-type Bartle gamer style taxonomy into an 8-type model. The book also focuses on the practicalities of its subject. Reception It has been called "the bible of MMORPG A massively mult ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wired (magazine)
''Wired'' is a bi-monthly American magazine that focuses on how emerging technologies affect culture, the economy, and politics. It is published in both print and Online magazine, online editions by Condé Nast. The magazine has been in publication since its launch in January 1993. Its editorial office is based in San Francisco, California, with its business headquarters located in New York City. ''Wired'' quickly became recognized as the voice of the emerging digital economy and culture and a pace setter in print design and web design. From 1998 until 2006, the magazine and its website, ''Wired.com'', experienced separate ownership before being fully consolidated under Condé Nast in 2006. It has won multiple National Magazine Awards and has been credited with shaping discourse around the digital revolution. The magazine also coined the term Crowdsourcing, ''crowdsourcing'', as well as its annual tradition of handing out Vaporware Awards. ''Wired'' has launched several in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Howard Rheingold
Howard Rheingold (born 1947) is an American critic, writer, and teacher, known for his specialties on the cultural, social and political implications of modern communication media such as the Internet, mobile telephony and virtual communities. Biography Rheingold was born on July 7, 1947, in Phoenix, Arizona. He graduated from Reed College in Portland, Oregon, in 1968. His senior thesis was entitled ''What Life Can Compare with This? Sitting Alone at the Window, I Watch the Flowers Bloom, the Leaves Fall, the Seasons Come and Go''. A lifelong fascination with mind augmentation and its methods led Rheingold to the Institute of Noetic Sciences and Xerox PARC. There he worked on and wrote about the earliest personal computers. This led to his writing '' Tools for Thought'' in 1985, a history of the people behind the personal computer. Around that time he first logged on to The WELL – an influential early online community. He explored the experience in his seminal book, '' The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kevin Kelly (editor)
Kevin Kelly (born 1952) is the founding executive editor of ''Wired'' magazine and a former editor and publisher of the ''Whole Earth Review''. He has also been a writer, photographer, conservationist, and student of Asian and digital culture. Life Kelly was born in Pennsylvania, United States, in 1952, and graduated from Westfield High School, Westfield, New Jersey, in 1970. Through his father, an executive for ''Time'' who used systems analysis in his work, Kelly developed an early interest in cybernetics. He attended the University of Rhode Island for one year, studying geology. Kelly has traveled extensively, backpacking in Asia. While travelling in the Middle East, he had a conversion experience and became a born-again Christian. He was raised Catholic. He lives in Pacifica, California, a small coastal town just south of San Francisco. He is married to the biochemist Gia-Miin Fuh and has three children: Kaileen, Ting, and Tywen. Among Kelly's personal involvements ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Essex University
The University of Essex is a public research university in Essex, England. Established by royal charter in 1965, it is one of the original plate glass universities. The university comprises three campuses in the county, in Southend-on-Sea and Loughton with its primary campus in Wivenhoe Park, Colchester. Essex has a largely diverse student community and holds partnerships with more than 100 global higher education institutions. It was named University of the Year at the ''Times Higher Education'' Awards in 2018. Essex's Department of Government received Regius Professorship conferred by Queen Elizabeth II in 2013 and the university was awarded the Queen's Anniversary Prize on two occasions for advancing human rights in 2009 and social and economic research in 2017. In the 2025 rankings of British universities, Essex is ranked 30th in the ''Complete'' ''University Guide'', 23rd in '' The Guardian University Guide'' and 46th by ''The Sunday Times''. It has produced alumni ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roy Trubshaw
''Multi-User Dungeon'', or ''MUD'' (referred to as ''MUD1'', to distinguish it from its successor, '' MUD2'', and the MUD genre in general), is the first MUD. History MUD was created in 1978 by Roy Trubshaw and Richard Bartle at the University of Essex on a DEC PDP-10.Sloane, Sarah (2000) ''Digital Fictions: Storytelling in a Material World'', Ablex Publishing Corporation, , p. 168Slator, Brian M. et al "From Dungeons to Classrooms: The Evolution of MUDs as Learning Environments", in Jain, Lakhmi C., Tedman, Raymond A. & Tedman, Debra K. (eds.) (2007) ''Evolution of Teaching and Learning Paradigms in Intelligent Environment'', Springer, , p. 121-2 Trubshaw named the game ''Multi-User Dungeon'', in tribute to the ''Dungeon'' variant of ''Zork'', which Trubshaw had greatly enjoyed playing. ''Zork'' in turn was inspired by an older text-adventure game known as ''Colossal Cave Adventure'' or ''ADVENT''. ''MUD1'' was written in the domain-specific programming language Multi User ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ported
In software engineering, porting is the process of adapting software for the purpose of achieving some form of execution in a computing environment that is different from the one that a given program (meant for such execution) was originally designed for (e.g., different CPU, operating system, or third party library). The term is also used when software/hardware is changed to make them usable in different environments. Software is ''portable'' when the cost of porting it to a new platform is significantly less than the cost of writing it from scratch. The lower the cost of porting software relative to its implementation cost, the more portable it is said to be. This is distinct from cross-platform software, which is designed from the ground up without any single " native" platform. Etymology The term "port" is derived from the Latin '' portāre'', meaning "to carry". When code is not compatible with a particular operating system or architecture, the code must be "carried" to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
