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Historic Centre Of Callao
The Historic Centre of Callao () is the Historic district, historic city centre of the Peruvian city of Callao, located west of the country's capital, Lima. The site was included within the larger area declared a Cultural heritage of Peru, Monumental Zone by the Peruvian government in 1972, which was expanded in 1990 to include part of Chucuito neighbourhood. History The city was founded by the Spanish in 1537, two years after the foundation of Lima. During the Peruvian War of Independence, its strategic location made it the target of a number of blockades and sieges. It was First siege of Callao, first successfully blockaded by José de San Martín's naval forces in 1821, followed by a Callao uprising, pro-royalist uprising in 1824 which led to a Second siege of Callao, two-year siege of Real Felipe Fortress, where the aforementioned troops had established themselves until their capitulation in 1826, ending the Spanish Empire's presence in South America. In 1838, during the War of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Real Felipe Fortress
The Real Felipe Fortress is a fortress located within the Monumental Zone of Callao, Peru. It was built to defend the main port of the country, as well as the city of Lima from pirates and corsairs during colonial times. The fortress was subject to a two-year siege that ended Spain's presence in both Peru and South America. It is currently the Peruvian Army Museum, displaying historical uniforms, weapons and other military paraphernalia. History Background During the Viceroyalty of Peru, Callao was the main port of the Americas, it connected the colonies with Spain. Due to the lack of adequate defenses, several pirate incursions took place. In an attempt to protect the port, the viceroy Pedro Álvarez de Toledo y Leiva decreed the construction of the Walls of Lima between the years 1640 and 1647 to protect the city. However, the 1746 Lima–Callao earthquake, destroyed most of the fortifications. Viceroy José Antonio Manso de Velasco, ordered the construction of the fortres ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
War Of The Confederation
The War of the Confederation () was a military confrontation waged by the United Restoration Army, the alliance of the land and naval forces of Chile and the Restoration Army of Peru, formed in 1836 by Peruvian soldiers opposed to the confederation, and the Argentine Confederation against the Peru–Bolivian Confederation between 1836 and 1839. As a result of the Salaverry-Santa Cruz War, the Peru–Bolivian Confederation was created by General Andrés de Santa Cruz, which caused a power struggle in southern South America, with Chile and the Argentine Confederation, as both distrusted this new and powerful political entity, seeing their geopolitical interests threatened. After some incidents, Chile and the Argentine Confederation declared war on the Peru–Bolivian Confederation, although both waged war separately. Chile since 1836 carried out the war with Peruvian dissidents who were enemies of Santa Cruz. During the war, one of Santa Cruz's subordinates, General Luis J ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
20 Minutos
''20 minutos'' is a Spanish free newspaper, with local editions in several Spanish cities, published by Multiprensa & Mas S.L. History Multiprensa & Mas S.L. was founded in Madrid in 1999. The founder of 20 minutos is José Antonio Martínez Soler. 20 minutos is published under an Attribution-ShareAlike Creative Commons licence, which entitles anyone to freely copy, distribute, display, make derivative works and commercial use of the work. Additionally, the newspaper can be downloaded from their site. on 20minutos.es Its majority stockholder is 20 Min Holding, a leader in free daily newspapers in ('' [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Italian Peruvians
Italian Peruvians (; ) are Peruvian-born citizens who are fully or partially of Italian descent, whose ancestors were Italians who emigrated to Peru during the Italian diaspora, or Italian-born people in Peru. Among European Peruvians, Italians were the second largest group of immigrants to settle in the country. Italian immigration in Peru began in the colonial era, during the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru. However, the peak of Italian immigrants occurred after Peruvian independence, between 1840 and 1880, with the guano export boom. In the following years, from 1914 to 1950, waves of Italian immigration followed due to the two world wars, which destroyed most of the Italian cities, while other Italians arrived from Argentina and Brazil, mainly merchants, peasants and technicians, who then formed families in Peru, where they settled permanently. History Spanish colonial era The Italian community is characterized by having started since the times of the Spanish colony in Peru. C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spanish Peruvians
A Spanish Peruvian is a Peruvian citizen of Spanish descent. Among European Peruvians, the Spanish are the largest group of immigrants to settle in the country. Origins and passage The regions from which most Spanish immigrants originated were Extremadura, Castilla y León, País Vasco, Andalucía, Galicia and Cataluña. Most of the colonial immigrants, in consequence, went from the southern regions of Spain to what now is considered the coastal Peruvian region. These immigrants generally departed from the ports of Cadiz and Sevilla and arrived in the ports of Callao, Mollendo and Pimentel. Many of these immigrants made a stopover in a Caribbean port before arriving in Peru. Before the development of the Panama Canal ships were forced to go around Cape Horn to reach Peruvian ports. Although not many, a few travelers made their way from Europe to Peru via the Amazon River. These immigrants would seek passage on the many commercial ships going to retrieve rubber in Peru to b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peruvian Naval School
The Naval Academy of Peru () is the institution in charge of the undergraduate education of Officer (armed forces), officers of the Peruvian Navy. It is located at La Punta District, La Punta, Callao, overlooking the Pacific Ocean. Its current director is Rear Admiral Luis José Polar Figari. Admission To be admitted, candidates must be Peruvian, between sixteen and twenty years of age upon entrance, unmarried with no children, physically and mentally in good health, height over 1.60 m (females) or over 1.65 m (males), with a complete secondary education and of no political affiliation. The admission procedure includes academic, knowledge, medical, physical and psychological test (student assessment), exams as well as a personal interview of the candidate by a board of Admirals and high-ranking officers headed by the Director of the Academy. Campus The following are the main buildings of the ''Escuela Naval'': *''Edificio Grau'': provides housing for the cadets. *''Edificio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MINCETUR
The Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism (, MINCETUR) of Peru is the government ministry in charge of issues pertaining to foreign trade of the Government of Peru and the promotion of tourism in the country. , the ministry is headed by . History The country was established in 1969 as the Ministry of Industry and Commerce (), having been separated from the Ministry of Development and Public Works. The name remained until 1980, when it was renamed to Ministry of Industry, Commerce, Tourism and Integration (). In 1992, it was renamed to Ministry of Industry, Tourism, Integration and International Trade Negotiations (, MITINCI), a name that remained until 2002, when it took its current name. Throughout its history, the ministry has promoted free trade agreements and managed , a government organisation responsible for promoting tourism to Peru around the world. The ministry has signed the following treaties: *Canada-Peru Free Trade Agreement *Chile-Peru Free Trade Agreement *Thai ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
La Punta District
La Punta is a district of the Constitutional Province of Callao in Peru, and one of the seven districts that make up the port city of Callao. It is located on a peninsula in the western part of the province and is almost entirely surrounded by the Pacific Ocean, except on its northeastern side, where it is bordered by downtown Callao. It was officially established as a district on October 6, 1915. The current mayor (''alcalde'') of La Punta is Ramón Garay León (2023-2026). Geography The district has a total land area of 0.38 km2. Its administrative center is located 2 meters above sea level. Boundaries * North, east, south and west: Pacific Ocean * Northeast: Downtown Callao Demographics According to a 2002 estimate by the INEI, the district has 7,246 inhabitants and a population density of 394.2 persons/km². In 1999, there were 1,248 households in the district. La Punta has historically been settled by Italian Peruvians and their legacy can still be seen in t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chincha Islands War
The Chincha Islands War, also known as Spanish–South American War (), was a series of coastal and naval battles between Spain and its former colonies of Peru, Chile, Ecuador, and Bolivia from 1865 to 1879. The conflict began with Spain's seizure of the guano-rich Chincha Islands in one of a series of attempts by Spain, under Isabella II of Spain, Isabella II, to reassert its influence over its former South American colonies. The war saw the use of ironclads, including the Spanish armoured frigate ''Spanish ironclad Numancia, Numancia'', the first ironclad to circumnavigate the world. Background Military expenditures were greatly increased during Isabella's reign and Spain rose to a position as the world's fourth largest naval power. In the 1850s and 1860s, the Spanish engaged in colonial activities around the world, including in Morocco, the Philippines, Mexico, and the Dominican Republic, Spanish occupation of the Dominican Republic, the last of which it briefly reoccupied. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Callao
The Battle of Callao (, as it is known in South America) occurred on May 2, 1866, between a Spanish Empire, Spanish fleet under the command of Admiral Casto Méndez Núñez and the fortified battery emplacements of the Peruvian port city of Callao during the Chincha Islands War. The Spanish fleet bombarded the port of Callao (or El Callao), and eventually withdrew without any notable damage to the city structures, according to the Peruvian and American sources; or after having silenced almost all the guns of the coastal defenses, according to the Spanish accounts and French observers. This proved to be the final battle of the war between Spanish and Peruvian forces. Background President Juan Antonio Pezet assumed the presidency of Peru in April 1863, at a time when Spain was making efforts to recover some prestige by recovering its lost colonies in America. Spain began its campaign by seizing the Chincha Islands, which were rich in guano, and demanding indemnity as recompense fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Confederate Army (Peru–Bolivian Confederation)
The Confederate Army (), preceded in 1835 by the United Army (), was the land army of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation. It was made up by the former armies of Peru and Bolivia and its formal establishment began with the signing of the of the Confederation. History The army was preceded by an alliance between Peruvian troops loyal to Luis José de Orbegoso, then constitutional president of Peru, and the Bolivian Army of ally and president of Bolivia, Andrés de Santa Cruz, who crossed the border into Peru at Orbegoso's invitation during the civil war that broke out after political instability and a coup d'état in 1835 by Felipe Santiago Salaverry. After the alliance's triumph in 1836, assemblies were soon established to make way for the creation of the Confederation, including its army. The army initially saw success against the first military expedition carried out by Peruvian dissidents in Arequipa, forcing them to sign a peace treaty, but was ultimately defeated in the secon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peru–Bolivian Confederation
The Peru–Bolivian Confederation () was a short-lived state that existed in South America between 1836 and 1839. The country was a loose confederation made up of three states: North Peru and South Peru—states that arose from the division of the Peruvian Republic due to the civil wars of Peruvian Civil War of 1834, 1834 and Salaverry-Santa Cruz War, 1835 to 1836—as well as the Bolivian Republic (Peru-Bolivian Confederation), Bolivian Republic. The geographical limits of the Confederation varied over time, with Bolivia Bolivian annexation of northern Argentina, occupying and incorporating the disputed territories in northern Argentina in 1838. It also possessed ''de facto'' autonomous indigenous territories, such as Iquicha, all under the supreme command of Marshal Andrés de Santa Cruz, who assumed the position of Supreme Protector in 1836, while he was president of Bolivia. Although its institutional creation arose on May 1, 1837, with the , its ''de facto'' establishment da ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
