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Confederate Army (Peru–Bolivian Confederation)
The Confederate Army (), preceded in 1835 by the United Army (), was the land army of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation. It was made up by the former armies of Peru and Bolivia and its formal establishment began with the signing of the of the Confederation. History The army was preceded by an alliance between Peruvian troops loyal to Luis José de Orbegoso, then constitutional president of Peru, and the Bolivian Army of ally and president of Bolivia, Andrés de Santa Cruz, who crossed the border into Peru at Orbegoso's invitation during the civil war that broke out after political instability and a coup d'état in 1835 by Felipe Santiago Salaverry. After the alliance's triumph in 1836, assemblies were soon established to make way for the creation of the Confederation, including its army. The army initially saw success against the first military expedition carried out by Peruvian dissidents in Arequipa, forcing them to sign a peace treaty, but was ultimately defeated in the secon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Andrés De Santa Cruz
Andrés de Santa Cruz y Calahumana (; 30 November 1792 – 25 September 1865) was a Bolivian general and politician who served as interim president of Peru in 1827, the interim president of Peru from 1836 to 1838 and the sixth president of Bolivia from 1829 to 1839. He also served as Supreme Protector of the short-lived Peru-Bolivian Confederation from 1836 to 1839, a political entity created mainly by his personal endeavors. Early life and education Santa Cruz was born on 30 November 1792, in the town of Huarina, La Paz. His father was José Santa Cruz y Villavicencio, a Spaniard, and his mother Juana Basilia Calahumana, an Aymara woman from the town of Huarina. In later years, Andrés de Santa Cruz would claim that through his mother, he descended directly from Inca rulers. He began his studies in his hometown at the San Francisco Convent, and continued them at the San Antonio Abad Seminary in the city of Cuzco. In 1809 he left the seminary and returned to La Paz. M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peruvian Republic (1837)
The Peruvian Republic was a state that declared itself independent from the Peru–Bolivian Confederation in 1837 under the nominal leadership of Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente as Supreme Chief of Peru. This ephemeral state, although it claimed the entire territory of Peru, barely had control over Arequipa, and saw its end when its troops were cornered by the Confederate Army, and forced to sign the Paucarpata Peace Treaty. History The rivalry that existed between the ports of Callao and Valparaíso worsened as a result of the establishment of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation, which led to the souring of relations between the Confederation and Chile. A tariff war soon began between both states, and Luis José de Orbegoso's support of Ramón Freire's failed expedition against Diego Portales worsened the situation. Thus, the Congress of Chile approved the declaration of war on December 26, 1836, claiming that Andrés de Santa Cruz's rule over Peru was illegitimate, and that his ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Military Of Peru
The Peruvian Armed Forces () are the military services of Peru, comprising independent Army, Navy and Air Force components. Their primary mission is to safeguard the country's independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity against any threat. As a secondary mission they participate in economic and social development as well as in civil defence tasks. The National Police of Peru is often classified as a part of the armed forces. Although in fact it has a different organisation and a wholly civil mission, its training and activities over more than two decades as an anti-terrorist force have produced markedly military characteristics, giving it the appearance of a virtual fourth military service with significant land, sea and air capabilities and approximately 140,000 personnel. The Peruvian armed forces report through the Ministry of Defence (Peru), Ministry of Defence, while the National Police of Peru report through the Ministry of Interior. History 19th century The Per ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Military History Of Bolivia
A military, also known collectively as armed forces, is a heavily Weapon, armed, highly organized force primarily intended for warfare. Militaries are typically authorized and maintained by a sovereign state, with their members identifiable by a distinct military uniform. They may consist of one or more military branches such as an army, navy, air force, space force, marines, or coast guard. The main task of a military is usually defined as defence of their state and its interests against external armed threats. In broad usage, the terms "armed forces" and "military" are often synonymous, although in technical usage a distinction is sometimes made in which a country's armed forces may include other paramilitary forces such as armed police. Beyond warfare, the military may be employed in additional sanctioned and non-sanctioned functions within the state, including internal security threats, crowd control, promotion of political agendas, emergency services and reconstructi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Military Of Bolivia
The Bolivian Armed Forces (Spanish: ''Fuerzas Armadas de Bolivia'') are the military of Bolivia. The Armed Forces of Bolivia are responsible for the defence, both of external and internal, of Bolivia and they are constituted by Bolivian Army, the Bolivian Air Force and the Bolivian Navy. All these institutions depend on the Ministry of Defence of this country. In addition to the Bolivian Army, the Bolivian Air Force and the Bolivian Navy, the Bolivian National Police, although dependent on the Ministry of Government in times of peace, is part of the reserves of the Armed Forces according to the Organic Law of the Armed Forces of this nation, together with other reserve bodies such as the SAR-FAB emergency and rescue units. Figures on the size and composition of the armed forces of Bolivia vary considerably, with rare official data available. It is estimated, however, that the three main forces (army, navy and air force) add up to a total of between 40,000 to 70,000 troops, whil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peru–Bolivian Confederation
The Peru–Bolivian Confederation () was a short-lived state that existed in South America between 1836 and 1839. The country was a loose confederation made up of three states: North Peru and South Peru—states that arose from the division of the Peruvian Republic due to the civil wars of Peruvian Civil War of 1834, 1834 and Salaverry-Santa Cruz War, 1835 to 1836—as well as the Bolivian Republic (Peru-Bolivian Confederation), Bolivian Republic. The geographical limits of the Confederation varied over time, with Bolivia Bolivian annexation of northern Argentina, occupying and incorporating the disputed territories in northern Argentina in 1838. It also possessed ''de facto'' autonomous indigenous territories, such as Iquicha, all under the supreme command of Marshal Andrés de Santa Cruz, who assumed the position of Supreme Protector in 1836, while he was president of Bolivia. Although its institutional creation arose on May 1, 1837, with the , its ''de facto'' establishment da ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
El Comercio (Peru)
is a Peruvian newspaper based in Lima. Founded in 1839, it is the oldest newspaper in Peru and one of the oldest Spanish language, Spanish-language papers in the world. It has a daily circulation of more than 120,000. It is considered a newspaper of record and one of the most influential media in Peru. History 19th century ''El Comercio'' began as a commercial, political and literary newspaper. Its first publication was on Saturday, May 4, 1839 by José Manuel Amunátegui y Muñoz (Chile, — Lima ) and Alejandro Villota (Buenos Aires, — Paris, ). It was originally a one-sheet afternoon newspaper printed on both sides in tabloid format. The price of the first edition was one Spanish real, silver real. Its motto was "Order, freedom, knowledge." In total there were ten people who prepared the first issue. Printing was made on a handlebar "Scott" flatbed press, powered by a mule-driven winch. Its first headquarters was the Casa de la Pila, located at Calle del Arzobispo No. 147 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Confederate Navy (Peru–Bolivian Confederation)
The Confederate Navy () was the navy of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation. It was made up by the former navies of Peru and Bolivia and its formal establishment began with the signing of the of the Confederation. History After the victory of the alliance the armies of Luis José de Orbegoso, then constitutional president of Peru, and Andrés de Santa Cruz, then president of Bolivia, against those of Felipe Santiago Salaverry during the civil war, assemblies were soon established to make way for the creation of the Confederation, including its armed forces. The navy was responsible for the capture of the Juan Fernández Islands on November 14, 1837. It was also serviced by privateers hired by the government. See also *Confederate Army (Peru–Bolivian Confederation) The Confederate Army (), preceded in 1835 by the United Army (), was the land army of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation. It was made up by the former armies of Peru and Bolivia and its formal establishment began with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Argentine Confederation
The Argentine Confederation (Spanish: ''Confederación Argentina'') was the last predecessor state of modern Argentina; its name is still one of the official names of the country according to the Argentine Constitution, Article 35. It was the name of the country from 1831 to 1852, when the provinces were organized as a confederation without a head of state. The governor of Buenos Aires Province (Juan Manuel de Rosas during most of the period) managed foreign relations during this time. Under his rule, the Argentine Confederation engaged in conflicts with Brazil, Bolivia, Uruguay, France and the United Kingdom, as well as other Argentine factions during the Argentine Civil Wars. Rosas was ousted from power in 1852 by Justo José de Urquiza, after the battle of Caseros. Urquiza convened the 1853 Constituent Assembly to write a national constitution. Buenos Aires resisted Urquiza and seceded from the Confederation in 1852, becoming the State of Buenos Aires; the province would ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dissolution Of The Peru–Bolivian Confederation
The dissolution of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation was the process of internal disintegration within the Peru–Bolivian Confederation which resulted in the end of the country's and its confederate government's existence as a sovereign state, being succeeded by Bolivia and a unified Peruvian state. The disintegration was related to conflicting interests between the Confederation and the Republic of Chile, as well as the friction inherited by the Bolivian side with the latter. Unlike Gran Colombia, which was created in 1819 and disappeared in 1831, the dissolution of the Confederation was marked by a certain tranquility and tolerance for a certain period of one year when Agustín Gamarra himself began his military campaign in Bolivian territory, resulting in his death and the signing of the Treaty of Puno, which put a halt to all ideas of union, annexation, confederation or federation between the two countries until the idea was briefly raised again in face of a string of Peruvi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Yungay
The Battle of Yungay (or Yungai) was the final battle of the War of the Confederation, fought on January 20, 1839, near Santo Domingo de Yungay, Yungay, Peru. The United Restoration Army, led by Chilean General Manuel Bulnes, consisting mainly of Chileans and 600 Republic of North Peru, North Peruvian dissidents, attacked the Peru-Bolivian Confederation forces led by Andrés de Santa Cruz in northern Peru, north of Lima. After six hours of fighting, the Restorers destroyed the Confederate Army, bringing the War of the Confederation to its end. Santa Cruz exiled himself in Guayaquil, Ecuador. The new Peruvian government paid its debt with Chile from the liberation expedition from a decade ago, and gave awards to Chilean and Peruvian officials. Peruvian officers who served under the Confederation, including William Miller (Peruvian general), Guillermo Miller, Mariano Necochea, Luis José Orbegoso, and Domingo Nieto, were banned from the Peruvian Army. Prologue Chile declared wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Treaty Of Paucarpata
The War of the Confederation () was a military confrontation waged by the United Restoration Army, the alliance of the land and naval forces of Chile and the Restoration Army of Peru, formed in 1836 by Peruvian soldiers opposed to the confederation, and the Argentine Confederation against the Peru–Bolivian Confederation between 1836 and 1839. As a result of the Salaverry-Santa Cruz War, the Peru–Bolivian Confederation was created by General Andrés de Santa Cruz, which caused a power struggle in southern South America, with Chile and the Argentine Confederation, as both distrusted this new and powerful political entity, seeing their geopolitical interests threatened. After some incidents, Chile and the Argentine Confederation declared war on the Peru–Bolivian Confederation, although both waged war separately. Chile since 1836 carried out the war with Peruvian dissidents who were enemies of Santa Cruz. During the war, one of Santa Cruz's subordinates, General Luis José ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
