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Harkishan Singh Surjeet
Harkishan Singh Surjeet (23 March 1916 – 1 August 2008) was an Indian Communist politician from Punjab, who served as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) from 1992 to 2005 and was a member of the party's Polit Bureau from 1964 to 2008.Manini Chatterjee.Nine to none, founders’ era ends in CPM. '' The Telegraph''. 3 April 2008. Early life and pre-1947 career Harkishan Singh Surjeet was born in 1916 in a Jat Sikh family in the village of Bundala, Jalandhar district of Punjab. He started his political career in the national liberation movement in his early teens, as a follower of the revolutionary socialist Bhagat Singh and in 1930 joined his Naujawan Bharat Sabha. In 1936, Surjeet joined the Communist Party of India. He was a co-founder of the Kisan Sabha (Farmer's Union) in Punjab. In the pre-war years he started publishing ''Dukhi Duniya'' and ''Chingari''. During the War, Surjeet was imprisoned by the colonial authorities. When India beca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bundala
Bundala, also spelt as Bandala, is a large village in Jalandhar zillah situated in Tehsil Phillaur within the Indian state of Punjab and is located in the centre of the Doaba region of Punjab. History Early history The village can trace its establishment from around 1516 when it was built by two Sikh brothers, Bahhar and Chahar as a small . Bundala later became a part of the Ahluwalia Misl led by Sultan ul Quam Nawab Jassa Singh Ahluwalia as Misaldar during the Sikh Misl from 1716 to 1799. Colonial Era Bundala gained the title of Inqalabian Pind (Punjabi: ੲਿਨਕ਼ਲਾਬੀਆਂ ਪਿੰਡ) meaning village of revolutionaries which was attainted by the village following the daredevilry of Harkishan Singh Surjeet who was an Indian nationalist. During his early teens he became politically active in the Indian national liberation movement joining Bhagat Singh’s Naujawan Bharat Sabha movement in 1930 and on the anniversary of the martyrdom of Bhagat Singh, s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Naujawan Bharat Sabha
Naujawan Bharat Sabha (NBS, sometimes spelled Nau Jawan Bharat Sabha , with the acronym NJBS) ( Youth Society of India) was a left-wing Indian association that sought to foment revolution against the British Raj by gathering together worker and peasant youths by disseminating Marxism–Leninism, Marxist ideas. It was founded by Bhagat Singh in March 1926 and was a more public face of the Hindustan Republican Association. The organization merged with All India Youth Federation (AIYF) of Communist Party of India. The NBS comprised members from the Hindu, Muslim and Sikh communities and organized lectures, public meetings and protests. It did not gain widespread support because of its radical ideas relating to religion and to agrarian reform. Attendance at its public meetings became particularly popular after the killing of John P. Saunders in December 1928. This killing, by Singh and others, followed from a protest against the Simon Commission in Lahore of which the NBS had been one ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
13th Lok Sabha
The 13th Lok Sabha (20 October 1999 – 6 February 2004) is the thirteenth session of the Lok Sabha (House of the People, or lower house in the Parliament of India). It was convened after 1999 Indian general election held during September–October 1999.This majority group in the Lok Sabha during this period was the National Democratic Alliance, a nationalist group led by the Bharatiya Janata Party, which won 270 seats, 16 more than 12th Lok Sabha. The NDA, under the leadership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee completed its term until the next general elections of May 2004 for the next 14th Lok Sabha. This was the first non-INC government to complete the full term. Four sitting members from Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of Indian Parliament, were elected to 13th Lok Sabha after the 1999 Indian general election General elections were held in India between 5 September and 3 October 1999, a few months after the Kargil War. Results were announced on 6 October 1999. The elections sa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1998 Indian General Election
General elections were held in India on 16, 22 and 28 February 1998 to elect the members of the twelfth Lok Sabha. The elections were held three years ahead of schedule after the government led by Inder Kumar Gujral collapsed when the Indian National Congress (INC) withdrew its support in November 1997. The result was another hung parliament, with no party or alliance able to muster a majority. However, Atal Bihari Vajpayee of the Bharatiya Janata Party was able to form a coalition government led by the National Democratic Alliance with the outside support of the Telugu Desam Party. He was sworn in as Prime Minister with support from 272 of 543 MPs. However, his government collapsed on 17 April 1999 when the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam withdrew its support, after Vajpayee refused to meet the demands of its leader J. Jayalalithaa, namely halting the corruption cases against her and the sacking of the Tamil Nadu government led by her bete-noire M. Karunanidhi. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
12th Lok Sabha
The 12th Lok Sabha (23 March 1998 – 26 April 1999), was constituted after the 1998 Indian general election held during February–March 1998. This was the second consecutive Lok Sabha, like the 11th Lok Sabha elections that did not provide the country with a stable government. Atal Bihari Vajpayee became the 10th Prime Minister of India but the government lasted for only about thirteen months due to no clear mandate. Also, the party was not able to get support from other parties, after the withdrawal of support by AIADMK. After his resignation, then President K. R. Narayanan asked Sonia Gandhi, the leader of the opposition in the Lok Sabha to form the government; however, Gandhi responded that the UPA would not be able to form a government at the center, following which President Narayanan dissolved the House. The 1999 Indian general election, next General elections of 1999 for 13th Lok Sabha provided India a stable government that lasted for full five years. Nine sitting member ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Election Commission Of India
The Election Commission of India (ECI) is a constitutional body established by Constitution of India, the Constitution of the Republic of India empowered to conduct free and fair elections in the Republic of India. It is headed by a Chief Election Commissioner of India, chief election commissioner and consists of two other Election Commissioner of India, election commissioners as constituent members. Structure In 1950, the Election Commission of India was established as a single member body. As per ''The Election Commissioner Amendment Act, 1989'', the commission was made a multi-member body headed by a Chief Election Commissioner of India, chief election commissioner and two other Election Commissioner of India, election commissioners, who were appointed to the commission for the first time on 16 October 1989. On 1 January 1990, it reverted back to a single member body after the post of election commissioner was abolished, before being restored to the three member structur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1996 Indian General Election
General elections were held in India on 27 April, 2 May and 7 May 1996 to elect the members of the 11th Lok Sabha, eleventh Lok Sabha. The elections resulted in a hung parliament with no single party having a clear majority. The Bharatiya Janata Party, which had won the most seats despite finishing second in the popular vote, formed a short-lived government under Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee. However, two weeks later the United Front (India, 1996), United Front coalition was able to secure a parliamentary majority and H. D. Deve Gowda of Janata Dal became prime minister. In 1997 Inder Kumar Gujral, also from the United Front, succeeded Gowda as prime minister. Due to the instability, 1998 Indian general election, early elections were held in 1998. The elections were the first since 1980 in which every states' seats were elected in a single election period. Background The Indian National Congress government of Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao came into the election on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
11th Lok Sabha
The 11th Lok Sabha was constituted after April–May 1996 general elections. The result of the election was a hung parliament, which would see three Prime Ministers in two years and force the country back to the polls in 1998. Atal Bihari Vajpayee of Bharatiya Janata Party, the single largest party to win this election, winning 67 more seats than previous 10th Lok Sabha, formed the government which lasted for only 13 days. The United Front was created and got support from 332 members out of the 545 seats in the Lok Sabha, resulting in H. D. Deve Gowda from the Janata Dal being the 11th Prime Minister of India. Later I. K. Gujral, took the command of the country but when Lalu Prasad Yadav left Janta Dal and formed his own party, 11th Lok Sabha was dissolved to get a fresh mandate from the voters for next 12th Lok Sabha in the 1998 Indian general election. The Lok Sabha (House of the People) is the lower house in the Parliament of India. 4 sitting members from Rajya Sabha, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lok Sabha
The Lok Sabha, also known as the House of the People, is the lower house of Parliament of India which is Bicameralism, bicameral, where the upper house is Rajya Sabha. Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha, Members of the Lok Sabha are elected by an adult universal suffrage and a first-past-the-post system to represent their respective List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha, constituencies, and they hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the president of India on the advice of the Union Council of Ministers. The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the New Parliament House, New Delhi. The maximum membership of the House allotted by the Constitution of India is 552. (Initially, in 1950, it was 500.) Currently, the house has 543 seats which are filled by the election of up to 543 elected members. Between 1952 and 2020, Anglo-Indian reserved seats in the Lok Sabha, two additional members of the Anglo-Indian community were also nominated by the President ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1964 Split In The Communist Party Of India
In 1964, a major split occurred in the Communist Party of India (CPI). The split was the culmination of decades of tensions and factional infighting. When India became independent in 1947, differences arose of how to adapt to the new situation. As relations between prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru, Jawaharlal Nehru's government and the Soviet Union improved, a faction that sought cooperation with the dominant Indian National Congress (INC) emerged within CPI. This tendency was led by S.A. Dange, whose role in the party hierarchy became increasingly controversial. When the Sino-Indian War broke out in 1962 Dange's opponents within CPI were jailed, but when they were released they sought to challenge his leadership. In 1964 the party was finally divided into two, with the left faction forming the Communist Party of India (Marxist). The split had a lot of regional variations. It also impacted other organizations, such as trade union and peasant movements. The split has been studied e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Preventive Detention
Preventive detention is an imprisonment that is putatively justified for non- punitive purposes, most often to prevent further criminal acts. Preventive detention sometimes involves the detention of a convicted criminal who has served their sentence but is considered too dangerous to release. Remand or pre-trial detention and involuntary commitment are sometimes considered a form of preventive detention. Specific jurisdictions Australia Australia laws authorize preventive detention in a variety of circumstances. In New South Wales, preventive detention regimes, such as Serious Crime Prevention Orders ('SCPOs'), allow the state to detain, continuously monitor, and limit particular activities of those convicted of serious sexual and violent offences. A range of state officials may apply to the NSW courts to create an SCPO consisting of conditions deemed appropriate, such as an obligation to report to a police station and prohibitions on travelling beyond a certain region. Fail ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
A K Gopalan
Ayillyath Kuttiari Gopalan (1 October 1904 – 22 March 1977), popularly known as A. K. Gopalan or AKG, was an Indian communist politician. He was one of 16 Communist Party of India members elected to the first Lok Sabha in 1952. Later he became one of the founding members of the Communist Party of India (Marxist). Early life and education Ayillyath Kuttiari Gopalan Nambiar was born on 1 October 1904 in Peralasseri, Kannur District of Northern Kerala and educated in Tellichery. He was educated at Basel Evangelical Mission Parsi High School, Thalassery and at Government Brennen College, Thalassery. By the time he became a teacher, India's independence movement was becoming energised by Mahatma Gandhi. Gopalan took part in the Khilafat Movement which prompted a marked change in his outlook, transforming him into a dedicated full-time social and political worker. He was also involved in Malabar revolution. During this time, he removed the suffix to his name (Nambiar) that sugg ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
