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Halobacteriales
Halobacteriales are an order of the Halobacteria, found in water saturated or nearly saturated with salt. They are also called halophiles, though this name is also used for other organisms which live in somewhat less concentrated salt water. They are common in most environments where large amounts of salt, moisture, and organic material are available. Large blooms appear reddish, from the pigment bacteriorhodopsin. This pigment is used to absorb light, which provides energy to create ATP. Halobacteria also possess a second pigment, halorhodopsin, which pumps in chloride ions in response to photons, creating a voltage gradient and assisting in the production of energy from light. The process is unrelated to other forms of photosynthesis involving electron transport; however, and halobacteria are incapable of fixing carbon from carbon dioxide. Halobacteria can exist in salty environments because although they are aerobes they have a separate and different way of creating ener ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haloarchaea
Haloarchaea (halophilic archaea, halophilic archaebacteria, halobacteria) are a class of prokaryotic archaea under the phylum Euryarchaeota, found in water saturated or nearly saturated with salt. 'Halobacteria' are now recognized as archaea rather than bacteria and are one of the largest groups of archaea. The name 'halobacteria' was assigned to this group of organisms before the existence of the domain Archaea was realized, and while valid according to taxonomic rules, should be updated. Halophilic archaea are generally referred to as haloarchaea to distinguish them from halophilic bacteria. These halophilic microorganisms require high salt concentrations to grow, with most species requiring more than 2M NaCl for growth and survival. They are a distinct evolutionary branch of the Archaea distinguished by the possession of ether-linked lipids and the absence of murein in their cell walls. Haloarchaea can grow aerobically or anaerobically. Parts of the membranes of haloarc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Halobacteria
Haloarchaea (halophilic archaea, halophilic archaebacteria, halobacteria) are a class (biology), class of prokaryotic archaea under the phylum Euryarchaeota, found in water Saturated and unsaturated compounds, saturated or nearly saturated with salt. 'Halobacteria' are now recognized as archaea rather than bacteria and are one of the largest groups of archaea. The name 'halobacteria' was assigned to this group of organisms before the existence of the Domain (biology), domain Archaea was realized, and while valid according to Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic rules, should be updated. Halophilic archaea are generally referred to as haloarchaea to distinguish them from halophilic bacteria. These Halophile, halophilic microorganisms require high salt concentrations to grow, with most species requiring more than 2M NaCl for growth and survival. They are a distinct evolutionary branch of the Archaea distinguished by the possession of ether-linked lipids and the absence of murein in their ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Halococcaceae
''Halococcaceae'' is a family of halophilic and mostly chemoorganotrophic archaea within the order ''Halobacteriales''. The type genus of this family is ''Halococcus.'' Its biochemical characteristics are the same as the order ''Halobacteriales.'' The name ''Halococcaceae'' is derived from the Latin term ''Halococcus,'' referring to the type genus of the family and the suffix "-ceae", an ending used to denote a family. Together, ''Halococcaceae'' refers to a family whose nomenclatural type is the genus ''Halococcus.'' Current Taxonomy and Molecular Signatures As of 2021, ''Halococcaceae'' contains a single validly published genus, ''Halococcus''. This family can be molecularly distinguished from other Halobacteria by the presence of 23 conserved signature proteins (CSPs) and nine conserved signature indels (CSIs) present in the following proteins: DNA gyrase subunit B, chaperone protein DnaK, HAD-superfamily hydrolase, glycosyltransferase Glycosyltransferases (GTFs, Gtfs) are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Halobacteriaceae
Halobacteriaceae is a family in the order Halobacteriales and the domain Archaea. ''Halobacteriaceae'' represent a large part of halophilic Archaea, along with members in two other methanogenic families, ''Methanosarcinaceae'' and ''Methanocalculaceae''. The family consists of many diverse genera that can survive extreme environmental niches. Most commonly, Halobacteriaceae are found in hypersaline lakes and can even tolerate sites polluted by heavy metals. They include neutrophiles, acidophiles (ex. ''Halarchaeum acidiphilum''), alkaliphiles (ex. '' Natronobacterium''), and there have even been psychrotolerant species discovered (ex. ''Hrr. lacusprofundi''). Some members have been known to live aerobically, as well as anaerobically, and they come in many different morphologies. These diverse morphologies include rods in genus Halobacterium, cocci in Halococcus, flattened discs or cups in Haloferax, and other shapes ranging from flattened triangles in Haloarcula to squares ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haloarculaceae
''Haloarculaceae'' is a family of Halophile, halophilic and mostly chemoorganotrophic archaea within the order ''Halobacteriales''. The type genus of this family is ''Haloarcula.'' Its biochemical characteristics are the same as the order ''Halobacteriales.'' The name ''Haloarculaceae'' is derived from the Latin term ''Haloarcula,'' referring to the type genus of the family and the suffix "-ceae," an ending used to denote a family. Together, ''Haloarculaceae'' refers to a family whose nomenclatural type is the genus ''Haloarcula.'' Current Taxonomy and Molecular Signatures As of 2021, ''Haloarculaceae'' contains 10 validly published genera. This family can be molecularly distinguished from other Halobacteria by the presence of 19 conserved signature proteins (CSPs) and seven conserved signature indels (CSIs) present in the following proteins: acetylglutamate kinase, ribonuclease R, Metallo-beta-lactamase protein fold, metallo-beta-lactamase, tRNA modifying enzyme, Carbamoyl ph ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Natrialbales
''Natrialbales'' is an order of halophilic, chemoorganotrophic archaea within the class Haloarchaea. The type genus of this order is '' Natrialba.'' The name ''Natrialbales'' is derived from the Latin term ''Natriabla,'' referring to the type genus of the order and the suffix "-ales", an ending used to denote an order. Together, ''Natrialbales'' refers to an order whose nomenclatural type is the genus ''Natrialba.'' Biochemical characteristics and molecular signatures Source: Members are halophilic chemoorganotrophs and are mainly isolated from high-salt environments such as saline lakes, soda lakes and salted hides. Some members are motile. Morphology is variable, including rod, coccus or pleomorphic shapes. Majority of the class are able to grow optimally in alkaline pH and do not possess gas vesicles. The DNA G+C content for this order ranges between 60-70 mol%. This order can be reliably distinguished from other orders within the phylum Euryarchaeota by the presence ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haloferacales
''Haloferacales'' is an order of halophilic, chemoorganotrophic or heterotrophic archaea within the class Haloarchaea. The type genus of this order is ''Haloferax.'' The name ''Haloferacales'' is derived from the Latin term ''Haloferax,'' referring to the type genus of the order and the suffix "-ales," an ending used to denote an order. Together, ''Haloferacales'' refers to an order whose nomenclatural type is the genus ''Haloferax.'' Biochemical characteristics and molecular signatures Members are halophiles and can be chemoorganotrophs or heterotrophs and are isolated from high-salt environments such as marine solar salterns and the Dead Sea. Some members are motile and contain gas vesicles. Morphology is variable, including rod, coccus or flat square shapes. Members of this order grow optimally in neutral pH. The DNA G+C content for this order ranges between 55-66 mol%. This order can be reliably distinguished from other Halobacteria by the presence of five conserved signat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haloarcula Quadrata
''Haloarcula quadrata'' is a species of archaea discovered in a brine pool in the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt. It was one of the first strains of prokaryotes whose cells show a flat, box-like shape. They were categorized as Haloarcula on the basis of their polar lipid composition. Morphology and metabolism The cells move using single or multiple flagella but lack gas vacuoles. Species within the genus ''Haloarcula'' are Gram negative and extremely halophilic, and they can use any of several sources of carbon Carbon () is a chemical element; it has chemical symbol, symbol C and atomic number 6. It is nonmetallic and tetravalence, tetravalent—meaning that its atoms are able to form up to four covalent bonds due to its valence shell exhibiting 4 .... References External links Type strain of ''Haloarcula quadrata'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase Halobacteria Archaea described in 1999 {{Euryarchaeota-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haloferacaceae
''Haloferacaceae'' is a family of halophilic, chemoorganotrophic or heterotrophic archaea within the order ''Haloferacales.'' The type genus of this family is ''Haloferax.'' Its biochemical characteristics are the same as the order ''Haloferacales.'' The name ''Haloferacaceae'' is derived from the Latin term ''Haloferax,'' referring to the type genus of the family and the suffix "-ceae", an ending used to denote a family. Together, ''Haloferacaceae'' refers to a family whose nomenclatural type is the genus ''Haloferax.'' Taxonomy and molecular signatures As of 2021, ''Haloferacaceae'' contains 10 validly published genera. This family can be molecularly distinguished from other Halobacteria by the presence of five conserved signature proteins (CSPs) and four conserved signature indels (CSIs) present in the following proteins: thermosome, ribonuclease BN and hypothetical proteins. Phylogeny The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proton Gradient
An electrochemical gradient is a gradient of electrochemical potential, usually for an ion that can move across a membrane. The gradient consists of two parts: * The chemical gradient, or difference in solute concentration across a membrane. * The electrical gradient, or difference in charge across a membrane. If there are unequal concentrations of an ion across a permeable membrane, the ion will move across the membrane from the area of higher concentration to the area of lower concentration through simple diffusion. Ions also carry an electric charge that forms an electric potential across a membrane. If there is an unequal distribution of charges across the membrane, then the difference in electric potential generates a force that drives ion diffusion until the charges are balanced on both sides of the membrane. Electrochemical gradients are essential to the operation of batteries and other electrochemical cells, photosynthesis and cellular respiration, and certain othe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pigment
A pigment is a powder used to add or alter color or change visual appearance. Pigments are completely or nearly solubility, insoluble and reactivity (chemistry), chemically unreactive in water or another medium; in contrast, dyes are colored substances which are soluble or go into solution at some stage in their use. Dyes are often organic compounds whereas pigments are often inorganic compound, inorganic. Pigments of prehistoric and historic value include ochre, charcoal, and lapis lazuli. Economic impact In 2006, around 7.4 million tons of inorganic chemistry, inorganic, organic chemistry, organic, and special pigments were marketed worldwide. According to an April 2018 report by ''Bloomberg Businessweek'', the estimated value of the pigment industry globally is $30 billion. The value of titanium dioxide – used to enhance the white brightness of many products – was placed at $13.2 billion per year, while the color Ferrari red is valued at $300 million each yea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
