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Gyalrongic
The Gyalrongic languages (also known as Rgyalrongic or Jiarongic) constitute a branch of the Qiangic languages of Sino-Tibetan languages, Sino-Tibetan, but some propose that it may be part of a larger Rung languages group and do not consider it to be particularly closely related to Qiangic but suggest that similarities between Gyalrongic and Qiangic may be from areal influence. However, other work suggests that Qiangic as a whole may in fact be paraphyletic, with the only commonalities of the supposed "branch" being shared archaisms and areal features that were encouraged by language contact. Jacques & Michaud (2011) propose that Qiangic including Gyalrongic may belong to a larger Burmo-Qiangic group based on some Lexical Innovation, lexical innovations. Geographical distribution The Gyalrongic languages are spoken in Sichuan in China, mainly in the autonomous Tibetan and Qiang prefectures of Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Karmdzes and Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Pre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tangut Language
Tangut (Tangut: ; ) is an extinct language in the Sino-Tibetan language family. Tangut was one of the official languages of the Western Xia, Western Xia dynasty, founded by the Tangut people in northwestern China. The Western Xia was annihilated by the Mongol Empire in 1227. The Tangut language has its own script, the Tangut script. The latest known text written in the Tangut language, the Tangut dharani pillars, dates to 1502, suggesting that the language was still in use nearly three hundred years after the collapse of Western Xia. Classification Since the 2010s, List of Tangutologists, Tangutologists have commonly classified Tangut as a Qiangic languages, Qiangic or Gyalrongic languages, Gyalrongic language. On the basis of both morphological and lexical evidence, Lai et al. (2020) classify Tangut as a West Gyalrongic languages, West Gyalrongic language, and Beaudouin (2023) as a Horpa language. Rediscovery Modern research into the Tangut languages began in the late 19th cen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Horpa Language
Horpa (also known in some publications as Stau – Chinese: 道孚语 ''Daofu'', 爾龔語 ''Ergong'') are a cluster of closely related Gyalrongic languages of China. Horpa is better understood as a cluster of closely related yet unintelligible dialect groups/languages closely related to Horpa Shangzhai or Stodsde skad. The term ''Stodsde skad'' is a Tibetan name meaning "language of the upper village". Names ''Ethnologue'' lists alternate names and dialect names for Horpa as Stau/Daofuhua, Bawang, Bopa, Danba, Dawu, Geshitsa/Geshiza/Geshizahua, Hor, Huo’er, Hórsók, Nyagrong-Minyag, Pawang, Rgu, Western Gyarong/Western Jiarong, Xinlong-Muya, and rTa’u. Classification Horpa is a type of Gyalrongic language, a branch of the Qiangic languages of the Sino-Tibetan family. Gyalrong (proper), Khroskyabs, and Horpa are in the Gyalrongic subgroup. From a genetic perspective, Horpa is a branch within West Gyalrongic, the other being Khroskyabs. Shangzhai is a sub-type of Ho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
West Gyalrongic Languages
The West Gyalrongic languages constitute a group of Gyalrongic languages. On the basis of both morphological and lexical evidence, Lai et al. (2020) add the extinct Tangut language to West Gyalrongic. Beaudouin (2023) through a morphosyntactic analysis based on phonetic correspondences, shows that Tangut should be included within the Horpa languages. * Khroskyabs (formerly known as ''Lavrung'') * Horpa **† Tangut History Sagart et al. (2019) estimate that West and East Gyalrongic had diverged from each other about 3,000 years before present. * Although Tangut is most commonly associated with Yinchuan, the capital of the Tangut Empire, Zhoushan (周山, Zhōushān) in Jinchuan County (Chinese: 金川縣 Jīnchuān Xiàn, Written Tibetan: ''Chuchen''; roughly located between the territories of Khroskyabs and Situ speakers today) had a historically attested population of Tangut people in 945 AD. As a result, based on both historiographical and linguistic evidence, Lai et al ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gyalrong Languages
Gyalrong or rGyalrong (), also rendered Jiarong ( zh, t=嘉絨語, s=嘉绒语, p=Jiāróngyǔ), or sometimes Gyarung, is a subbranch of the Gyalrongic languages spoken by the Gyalrong people in Western Sichuan, China. Lai et al. (2020) refer to this group of languages as East Gyalrongic. Name The name ''Gyalrong'' is an abbreviation of Tibetan , ''shar rgyal-mo tsha-ba rong'', "the hot valleys of the queen", the queen being Mount Murdo (in Tibetan, ''dmu-rdo'').Prins, Marielle. 2011. A web of relations: A grammar of rGyalrong Ji omùzú, p. 18. Mount Murdo is in the historical region of Kham, now mostly located inside Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan. This Tibetan word is transcribed in Chinese as 嘉绒 or 嘉戎 or 嘉荣, ''jiāróng''. It is pronounced by speakers of Situ. It is a place-name and is not used by the people to designate their own language. The autonym is pronounced in Situ and in Japhug. The Gyalrong people are the descendants of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khroskyabs Language
Khroskyabs (, previously known as Lavrung, native name in the Wobzi dialect: ''bósʁæi'' "Tibetan language") is a Gyalrongic language of China. It is called ''Guanyinqiao'' in ''Ethnologue'' after a town in western Sichuan where one dialect of the language is spoken, Thugsrje Chenbo (). It has been referred to as ''Lavrung'' in previous publications. Speakers are classified as ethnic Tibetans by the Chinese government. Dialects Based on shared phonological and morphological innovations, identifies two major branches of Khroskyabs: Core Khroskyabs dialects and Njorogs (业隆话). Core-Khroskyabs dialects are further divided into Phosul and Thugschen. The Thugschen dialects include Siyuewu (斯跃武), Wobzi (俄热), 'Brongrdzong (木尔宗) and Guanyinqiao (观音桥). * 'Jorogs (Yelong 业隆) * Core Khroskyabs dialects ** Phosul (Puxi 蒲西) ** Thugschen *** Siyuewu (斯跃武) *** Eastern Thugschen **** Wobzi (Ere 俄热) **** Thugs-'Brong ***** 'Brongrdzong (Muerzong � ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Qiangic Languages
Qiangic (''Chʻiang, Kyang, Tsiang'', Chinese: 羌語支, "''Qiang'' language group"; also Rmaic, formerly known as Dzorgaic) is a group of related languages within the Sino-Tibetan language family. They are spoken mainly in Southwest China, including Sichuan and northern Yunnan. Most Qiangic languages are distributed in the prefectures of Ngawa, Garzê, Ya'an and Liangshan in Sichuan with some in Northern Yunnan as well. Qiangic speakers are variously classified as part of the Qiang, Tibetan, Pumi, Nakhi, and Mongol ethnic groups by the People's Republic of China. The extinct Tangut language of the Western Xia is considered to be Qiangic by some linguists, including Matisoff (2004).Matisoff, James. 2004"Brightening" and the place of Xixia (Tangut) in the Qiangic subgroup of Tibeto-Burman/ref> The undeciphered Nam language of China may possibly be related to Qiangic. Lamo, Larong and Drag-yab, or the Chamdo languages, a group of three closely related Sino-Tibetan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sino-Tibetan Languages
Sino-Tibetan (also referred to as Trans-Himalayan) is a family of more than 400 languages, second only to Indo-European in number of native speakers. Around 1.4 billion people speak a Sino-Tibetan language. The vast majority of these are the 1.3 billion native speakers of Sinitic languages. Other Sino-Tibetan languages with large numbers of speakers include Burmese (33 million) and the Tibetic languages (6 million). Four United Nations member states (China, Singapore, Myanmar, and Bhutan) have a Sino-Tibetan language as a main native language. Other languages of the family are spoken in the Himalayas, the Southeast Asian Massif, and the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. Most of these have small speech communities in remote mountain areas, and as such are poorly documented. Several low-level subgroups have been securely reconstructed, but reconstruction of a proto-language for the family as a whole is still at an early stage, so the higher-level structure of Sino-Tibetan re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zbu Language
Zbu (), or Showu, is a Gyalrong language spoken in Sichuan, China. The Khalong Tibetan language has Zbu/Showu substratum, as evident from its phonology and grammar. Distribution Gates (2012: 105–106) lists the following locations where Zbu is spoken. It is spoken by over 6,000 people in 28 villages. *Sìdàbà (Stod-pa) District of Barkam County: in Kāngshān (Khang-sar) and Rìbù (rDzong-’bur) Townships. * Rangtang County: Wúyī Township and Shili Township, in Shàngdàshígōu, Zhōngdàshígōu, and Xiàdàshígōu Villages; Shili Township also has Shangzhai (sTodsde/Northern Horpa) speakers. *Gēlètuó Township, Seda County, Ganzi Prefecture: in Tshopo, Nyagluo, Rabde, and Tshekho Villages. *Southwestern corner of Ābà/rNga-ba County: in Kēhé and Róngān Townships (Asejie, Mengu, Sharga, Ganba, and Tsega Villages). Amdo Tibetan is the local lingua franca A lingua franca (; ; for plurals see ), also known as a bridge language, common language, trade la ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Japhug Language
Japhug is a Gyalrong language spoken in Barkam County, Rngaba, Sichuan, China, in the three townships of Gdong-brgyad ( zh, s=龙尔甲, p=Lóng'rjiǎ, ), Gsar-rdzong ( zh, s=沙尔宗, p=Shā'rzōng, ) and Da-tshang ( zh, s=大藏, p=Dàzàng, ). The endonym of the Japhug language is . The name Japhug (; Tibetan: ''ja phug''; zh, p=Chápù, s=茶堡) refers in Japhug to the area comprising Gsar-rdzong and Da-tshang, while that of Gdong-brgyad is also known as (Jacques 2004), but speakers of Situ Gyalrong use this name to refer to the whole Japhug-speaking area. Phonology Japhug is the only toneless Gyalrong language. It has 49 consonants and seven vowels. Consonants The phoneme /w/ has the allophones �and The phoneme is realized as an epiglottal fricative in the coda or preceding another consonant. The prenasalized consonants are analyzed as units for two reasons. First, there is a phoneme /ɴɢ/, as in /ɴɢoɕna/ "large spider", but neither /ɴ/ nor /ɢ/ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Situ Language
Situ () is a Rgyalrong language spoken in Sichuan, China. The name "Situ", literally "four Tusi", comes from a historical name of the Ma'erkang region. Distribution Gates (2012: 102–103) lists the following locations where Situ is spoken. It is spoken by over 35,000–40,000 people in 57 villages. *southern half of Ma’ěrkāng/'Bar-kams County (53 villages) **Zhuókèjī, Mǎ’ěrkāng/'Bar-kams, and Sōnggǎng/rDzong-'gag Towns, including surrounding villages **Sūomò/Somang and Báiwān/Brag-bar Townships **Báiwān/Brag-bar and Dǎngbà/Dam-pa Townships * Jīnchuān/Chu-chen County (4 villages) **Jímù/Kye-mo Township (although Nilong Village primarily has Lavrung speakers) **possibly also Kǎlājiǎo and Sāwǎjiǎo Townships *northwestern Li County, Sichuan *southernmost Hóngyuán County (recent migrants) Dialects Gates (2012: 103) lists 7 dialects of Situ. *Jiaomuzu Township 脚木足乡, western Barkam County *Jimu Township 集木乡, Jinchuan County *Dangba T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tibeto-Burman Languages
The Tibeto-Burman languages are the non- Sinitic members of the Sino-Tibetan language family, over 400 of which are spoken throughout the Southeast Asian Massif ("Zomia") as well as parts of East Asia and South Asia. Around 60 million people speak Tibeto-Burman languages. The name derives from the most widely spoken of these languages, Burmese and the Tibetic languages, which also have extensive literary traditions, dating from the 12th and 7th centuries respectively. Most of the other languages are spoken by much smaller communities, and many of them have not been described in detail. Though the division of Sino-Tibetan into Sinitic and Tibeto-Burman branches (e.g. Benedict, Matisoff) is widely used, some historical linguists criticize this classification, as the non-Sinitic Sino-Tibetan languages lack any shared innovations in phonology or morphology to show that they comprise a clade of the phylogenetic tree. History During the 18th century, several scholars noticed paral ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
