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Great Troubles
The Great Troubles ( cu, Великая замятня, translit=Velikaya zamyatnya, as found in Rus' chronicles), also known as the Golden Horde Dynastic War, was a war of succession in the Golden Horde from 1359 to 1381. This era, which followed shortly after the Black Death had ravaged the cities of the Golden Horde, was characterised by two decades of near anarchy. A long series of short-reigning khans deposed and killed each other, only to suffer the same fate next. Mamai emerged as the most powerful Mongol warlord, frequently employing Rus' principalities such as Tver and Ryazan as his allies. Because he was not a Chingisid (descendant of Genghis Khan), Mamai had no legitimate claim to the throne, and instead used Chingisid puppet-khans to exercise political control. The Rus' principalities and neighbouring states frequently changed their allegiancies at this time, joining forces with or against various Mongol factions and with or against each other, in tactical efforts ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mamai
Mamai ( Mongolian Cyrillic: Мамай, tt-Cyrl, Мамай, translit=Mamay; 1325?–1380/1381) was a powerful military commander of the Golden Horde. Contrary to popular misconception, he was not a khan (king), but a warlord and a kingmaker for several khans, and dominated parts or all of the Golden Horde for a period of almost two decades in the 1360s and 1370s. Although he was unable to stabilize central authority during a period of civil war, Mamai remained a remarkable and persistent leader for decades, while others came and went in rapid succession. His defeat in the Battle of Kulikovo marked the beginning of the decline of the Horde, as well as his own rapid downfall. Origins Unlike the khans of the so-called Golden Horde, Mamai was not a descendant of Genghis Khan and his son Jochi, but belonged to the powerful Mongol Kiyat clan, which claimed descent from Mugetu Kiyan (Mūngdū Qayān), an older brother of Genghis Khan's father Yesugei Baghatur. While they served the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Timurid Empire
The Timurid Empire ( chg, , fa, ), self-designated as Gurkani ( Chagatai: کورگن, ''Küregen''; fa, , ''Gūrkāniyān''), was a PersianateB.F. Manz, ''"Tīmūr Lang"'', in Encyclopaedia of Islam, Online Edition, 2006 Turco-Mongol empire that dominated Greater Iran in the early 15th century, comprising modern-day Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, much of Central Asia, the South Caucasus, as well as most of contemporary Pakistan and parts of contemporary North India and Turkey. The empire was founded by Timur (also known as Tamerlane), a warlord of Turco-Mongol lineage, who established the empire between 1370 and his death in 1405. He envisioned himself as the great restorer of the Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan, regarded himself as Genghis's heir, and associated much with the Borjigin. Timur continued vigorous trade relations with Ming China and the Golden Horde, with Chinese diplomats like Ma Huan and Chen Cheng regularly traveling west to Samarkand to buy and sell goods. T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Timur Khwaja
Timur Khwaja ( fa, , tt-Latn, Timer Xuca) was briefly Khan of the Golden Horde in 1361, having succeeded his father Khiḍr Khan. The forceful Khiḍr Khan, a descendant of Jochi's son Shiban according to the ''Tawārīḫ-i guzīdah-i nuṣrat-nāmah'', asserted himself as ruler of the Golden Horde in June 1360, having eliminated his rival Nawruz Beg. Nevertheless, the new khan's authority was limited by the presumable autonomy of the former beglerbeg Mamai Kiyat in the west, and the renewed autonomy of the former Ulus of Orda in the east, under the local Jochid khan Qara-Noqai. A greater threat proved to be the advance of another Jochid prince, Ordu Malik, on the capital Sarai in 1361. In circumstances that remain obscure, Khiḍr Khan and his son Qutlugh were now murdered by another son of Khiḍr Khan, Timur Khwaja, who seized the throne at Sarai, in August 1361. Timur Khwaja would reign for only a short time, possibly five weeks. Nevertheless, coins were minted in his na ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khiḍr Khan
Khiḍr Khan (Maḥmūd Ḫiḍr Ḫān) (''Hidyr'' or Khidyr', modern ''Hyzr'' or Khyzr in Russian texts) was Khan of the Golden Horde from 1360 to 1361, having overthrown and succeeded Nawruz Beg. Earlier scholarship long followed what is now considered the unreliable testimony of Muʿīn-ad-Dīn Naṭanzī (earlier known as the "Anonymous of Iskandar") in seeing Khiḍr Khan as a son of Sasi Buqa, son of Noqai, a supposed descendant of Jochi's son Orda. However, today the testimony of the ''Tawārīḫ-i guzīdah-i nuṣrat-nāmah'' is considered more reliable, in asserting that Khiḍr Khan was the son of Mangqutai, son of Töle Buqa, son of Qadaq, son of Shiban, son of Jochi. Khiḍr Khan's rise to power took place in confused circumstances imperfectly related in the sources. The murder of Berdi Beg in 1359 had possibly ended the line of Batu Khan; his successors Qulpa and Nawruz Beg might have claimed to be Berdi Beg's brothers, but their true antecedents are unclear; ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nowruz Beg
Nowruz Beg (died 1640), was a Safavid official from the Georgian Tulashvili clan, who served during the reigns of Abbas I (1588-1629) and Safi (1629-1642). He sometime married a daughter of the prominent Safavid-Georgian military and political leader Imam-Quli Khan. In 1626-1627, Abbas I made Nowruz Beg steward of the Javanshir clan in Karabakh, while his brother-in-law Daud Khan Undiladze Daud-Khan or Dāvūd b. Allāhverdī ( Persian: داوود خان, ka, დაუდ-ხანი) was a Safavid Iranian military commander and politician of Georgian origin who served as governor (''beglarbeg'') of Ganja and Karabakh from 1627 to ... became governor of Karabakh itself. Sources * * 1640 deaths Iranian people of Georgian descent 17th-century people of Safavid Iran Shia Muslims from Georgia (country) 16th-century people of Safavid Iran {{Iran-bio-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Qulpa
Qulpa (Qūlpā, sometimes read as ''Qulna'' (Qūlnah); ''Kulpa'' and ''Askulpa'' in Russian chronicles, and ''Colbadinus Cam'' in a contemporary Venetian document), was Khan of the Golden Horde from August 1359 to February 1360. He came to the throne 4 days after the murder of his predecessor Berdi Beg. It has been supposed that Qulpa might have begun his reign as a rival khan at Azov, but that cannot be verified and seems unlikely. His short reign is not recorded in most of the Perso-Arabic narratives treating the khans of the Golden Horde, but it is briefly treated in the Russian chronicles, which report that Qulpa reigned for 6 months and 5 days, did a lot of evil, and in the end was killed, together with his sons Mihail and Ivan. The names of Qulpa's sons and the absence of a traditional Muslim name on his coins suggest that he was Christian, but that is not certain. The publication of a contemporary Venetian notary act by Benedetto Bianco confirms Qulpa's favor towards Christ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bolghar
Bolghar ( tt-Cyrl, Болгар, cv, Пăлхар) was intermittently the capital of Volga Bulgaria from the 8th to the 15th centuries, along with Bilyar and Nur-Suvar. It was situated on the bank of the Volga River, about 30 km downstream from its confluence with the Kama River and some 130 km from modern Kazan in what is now Spassky District. West of it lies a small modern town, since 1991 known as Bolgar. The UNESCO World Heritage Committee inscribed Bolgar Historical and Archaeological Complex (ancient Bolghar hill fort) to the World Heritage List in 2014. History The city is supposed to have been the capital of Volga Bulgaria from as early as the 8th century. Regular Russian incursions along the Volga, and internecine fights, forced the Volga Bulgar kings (khagans) to intermittently move their capital to Bilyar. After a destruction of Bilyar during the Mongol invasion, the older capital became a centre of a separate province (or duchy) within the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muscovite–Volga Bulgars War (1376)
The Grand Duchy of Moscow-Volga Bulgars War of 1376 was organized by Russian Prince Dmitry Donskoy of Moscow, and Dmitry Konstantinovich of Vladimir-Suzdal. The Moscow-Nizhny Novgorod combined army was led by Moscow Governor Dmitry Mikhailovich Bobrok Volynskyy, and sons Dmitry Suzdal Vasily and Ivan. Volga Bulgaria, which was at the time an of the Golden Horde (who had converted to Islam in 1313), was ruled by emir Hassan Khan (in Russian chronicles - Assan) and Horde Protégé Muhammad Sultan (Sultan Mahmat). Background In 1364, ongoing raids perpetrated by the Mongol-Tatars on Nizhny Novgorod land forced Prince Dmitry Konstantinovich of Nizhegorodsko-Suzdal to ally with and seek assistance from Dmitri Ivanovich of Moscow. Certain outposts for these raids served the Bulgar Khanate. Campaign During the campaign, many villages in Volga Bulgaria were burned and large numbers were slaughtered.Летописец� М., 1853, С. 89—90 On March 16, the Russian army invade ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Treaty Of Lyubutsk
Treaty of Lyubutsk was a peace treaty signed in summer of 1372 between Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, and Dmitri Donskoi, Prince of Moscow. The treaty ended the Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1368–72) and resulted in a seven-year peace period. Influence and power of the Grand Duchy of Moscow grew steadily and its interests clashed with those of Lithuania. After the Battle of Blue Waters in 1362 Lithuania took over Kiev and became direct neighbor of Moscow. Algirdas assisted Tver, chief rival of Moscow, and attempted to promote his brother-in-law Mikhail II of Tver to the throne of Vladimir, a long-time possession of Moscow. In 1372 Algirdas organized a third attack against Moscow. Other two attacks in 1368 and 1370 reached the city of Moscow, but did not succeed in taking the city's Kremlin. In 1372 Lithuanian army was stopped near Lyubutsk, a fort on the Oka River The Oka (russian: Ока́, ) is a river in central Russia, the largest right tributary of the Volga. I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sighnaq
Sighnaq ( kk, Сығанақ, Syğanaq; uz, Sigʻnoq) was an ancient city in Central Asia (in modern Kazakhstan, Kyzylorda Region), it was the capital of the Blue Horde (i.e., the White Horde of Persian sources), although the city is almost unknown. The region in which Sighnaq was situated was called Farab, it was located between Isfijab and Jand. The name means 'place of refuge', a name that is found also in other regions, especially in Transcaucasia. According to Hathon, Sighnaq was located in the Karatau Mountains, from where the river Kara Ichuk, a tributary of Syr Darya, emanates. Klaproth says that the city was located on the banks of Mutkan, a right hand side tributary of Syr Darya, that emanates from the Karatau mountains, but he does not mention his source. Sherif al-Din speaks of Sabran and Sighnaq as two border cities of Turkestan and says that Sighnaq was located 40 km from Otrar; the biographical book called ''Tabakatol hanefiyet'', by Ketevi, placed it near th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a European state that existed from the 13th century to 1795, when the territory was partitioned among the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Habsburg Empire of Austria. The state was founded by Lithuanians, who were at the time a polytheistic nation born from several united Baltic tribes from Aukštaitija. The Grand Duchy expanded to include large portions of the former Kievan Rus' and other neighbouring states, including what is now Lithuania, Belarus and parts of Ukraine, Latvia, Poland, Russia and Moldova. At its greatest extent, in the 15th century, it was the largest state in Europe. It was a multi-ethnic and multiconfessional state, with great diversity in languages, religion, and cultural heritage. The consolidation of the Lithuanian lands began in the late 13th century. Mindaugas, the first ruler of the Grand Duchy, was crowned as Catholic King of Lithuania in 1253. The pagan state was targeted in a religious crusad ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Principality Of Ryazan
The Grand Duchy of Ryazan (1078–1521) was a duchy with the capital in Old Ryazan ( destroyed by the Mongol Empire in 1237), and then in Pereyaslavl Ryazansky, which later became the modern-day city of Ryazan. It originally split off from the Chernigov Principality as the provincial Murom Principality. Prior to the invasion of Batu Khan Sometime between 1097 and 1155, the principality became a sovereign state and until 1161, according to the Hypatian Codex, the official name was the ''Muromo-Ryazan Principality''. The first ruler of Ryazan was supposedly Yaroslav Sviatoslavich, Prince of Chernigov (a city of Kievan Rus'), later Prince of Murom-Ryzan. The capital of the Grand Duchy became Ryazan, however the present-day city of Ryazan is located 40 miles north from the original site of the capital today known as ''Ryazan Staraya'' (Old Ryazan). By the end of 12th century, the Principality waged wars with the neighboring Grand Duchy of Vladimir. In the course of that stand-of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
