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Germiyan
Germiyan, or the Germiyanids (Old Anatolian Turkish: ; or ), were a dynasty that controlled parts of western Anatolia from to 1429. Germiyan first appeared in 1239 near Malatya tasked with suppressing the Babai revolt. The tribe relocated to western Anatolia with the encroaching Mongol invasion. During the reign of Yakub I (), Germiyan gained sovereignty with the demise of the Sultanate of Rum and forged war with the neighboring Ottomans and the Byzantine Empire, which continued during his successor Mehmed's rule (). Amidst the political tension caused by the neighboring Karamanids, Suleiman () married his daughter Devletşah Hatun to the Ottoman prince and future sultan, Bayezid I (). The process saw a major dowry payment that transferred much of the Germiyanid realm to Ottoman control, including the capital Kütahya. Yakub II () was initially on friendly terms with the Ottomans but eventually attempted to reclaim the former lands that were lost following his sister's wed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yakub II
Yakub II (died January 1429), also known as Yakub Chelebi, was Bey of Germiyan in western Anatolia from 1387 to 1390, 1402 to 1411, and 1414 until his death. Yakub was the patron of several literary and architectural works produced during his reign. He was initially on friendly terms with the Ottomans, but turned against Sultan Bayezid I () and attempted to reclaim considerable territory, including the former capital Kütahya. He was jailed by Bayezid in 1390, and Germiyan wholly came under Ottoman control. Nine years later, Yakub escaped from prison and sought the protection of Timur (), who, after crushing Bayezid with the help of Yakub at the Battle of Ankara in 1402, restored Germiyan's former boundaries. In 1411, Kütahya fell to Mehmed II of Karaman (), interrupting Yakub's reign a second time. His rule was reinstated by the Ottoman sultan, Mehmed I (), upon the defeat of the Karamanids. Although Yakub initially supported Mustafa Chelebi as a claimant to the Ottoman thr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Suleiman Of Germiyan
Suleiman Shah (Old Anatolian Turkish: ; died 1387), also known as Shah Chelebi, was Bey of Germiyan in western Anatolia from 1361 until his death. His reign was initially peaceful, but he was eventually involved in a conflict with the Karamanids, which forced him to seek an alliance with the Ottoman state. He arranged the marriage of his daughter Devletşah Hatun and Murad I's son and future successor, Bayezid. Although he secured an alliance with the Ottomans, Germiyan lost considerable land as Suleiman left numerous towns and smaller settlements for them to seize, including the capital Kütahya, as part of the dowry payment. Suleiman relocated to Kula and died there in 1387. Background Germiyan first appeared around Malatya in 1239 under Kaykhusraw II's rule of the Sultanate of Rum tasked to subdue Baba Ishak, and in 1277, they were involved in the fight against Jimri and Mehmed of Karaman in western Anatolia. Yakub I was the first Bey to rule the state of Germiyan. Althou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yakub I Of Germiyan
Yakub I (died ) was the founder of the beylik of Germiyan, located in western Anatolia around Kütahya. Although Germiyan revolted against Mesud II (), the Sultan of Rum, Yakub accepted vassalage under Kayqubad III (). The Sultanate of Rum disintegrated shortly after. At that point, Yakub's realm extended as far east as Ankara and incorporated various towns taken from the Byzantine Empire and the Catalan Company. Yakub was the suzerain of many of his neighbors, and his reign was described as economically prosperous by contemporary historians. He was succeeded by his son Mehmed, nicknamed ''Chakhshadan''. Background During the 11th century, much of West Asia was subject to Seljuk rule. A branch of the Seljuk dynasty formed the Sultanate of Rum, a Turkish Muslim state in Anatolia, which saw its height from the late 12th century to 1237. The Germiyan first appeared in 1239 under Kaykhusraw II's rule of the Sultanate of Rum. Muzaffar al-Din, Yakub I's paternal grandfather, was ta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mehmed Of Germiyan
Mehmed Chakhshadan was Bey of Germiyan from 1340 to 1361. He retook Kula and Angir from the Catalan Company The Catalan Company or the Great Catalan Company (; , , , or ) was a company of mercenaries led by Roger de Flor in the early 14th century and hired by Byzantine Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos to combat the increasing power of the Anatolian b .... References Bibliography * People from Kütahya History of Kütahya Province Germiyanid monarchs Year of birth unknown Year of death unknown {{Asia-royal-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Devletşah Hatun
Devletşah Sultan Hatun (, "''reign of the Şah''" or "''sovereign of the reign''", - 23 January 1414), was the daughter of Süleyman of Germiyan, Süleyman Şah Bey, the ruler of the Germiyanids. She was a consort of Sultan Bayezid I of the Ottoman Empire. Family Devletşah Hatun was born to an Anatolian prince, Suleiman of Germiyan, Süleyman Şah Bey, the ruler of the Germiyanids. Her mother Mutahhare Abide Hatun was a granddaughter of Mawlānā Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi, the founder of the Mevlevi Order, Sufi order of Mevlevis, through his son Sultan Walad. She had three full-brothers, Ilyas Pasha, Hızır Pasha and Qurd Abdal. Marriage In 1378, Süleyman Şah, sent an envoy to sultan Murad I, proposing a marriage between his daughter, Devletşah Hatun and his son Bayezid I, Bayezid. He wished to protect his territory against the invasions of the Karamanids, had proposed this marriage and had offered, as a dowry to his daughter, Kütahya, his seat of power and several other ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kula, Manisa
Kula (from , land of ashes) is a municipality and district of Manisa Province, Turkey. Its area is 981 km2, and its population is 43,227 (2022). The town lies at an elevation of . History Suleiman, the ruler of Germiyan (), relocated his capital from Kütahya to Kula after granting the Ottomans control of much of his realm, as part of the dowry payment for the marriage of his daughter Devletşah Hatun with the Ottoman prince and future sultan Bayezid I (). From 1867 until 1922, Kula was part of the Aidin Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire. Until at least 1923, the town was inhabited by a mixed population of Christians and Muslims. The Christian population was composed of Turkified descendants of the original Greek inhabitants of the town, as well as by more recent immigrants from Samos and other Aegean islands. Composition There are 60 neighbourhoods in Kula District: [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mehmed II Of Karaman
Nasiraeddin Mehmed II of Karaman, also Mehmed Beg (), Mehmed Beg II or Nasir al-Din Mehmed Beg (1379 - 1423) was the ''Bey'' ruler of Karaman. His mother was Nefise Hatun, a daughter of Ottoman Sultan Murad I. Karamanids Karamanid was a Turkmen state in central Anatolia after the disintegration of Seljuq Sultanate of Rûm. The capital of Karamanid state was usually Karaman (ancient Larende, renamed by the Karamanids) and sometimes Konya and other cities as well. It was the main rival of the rising Ottoman Empire. The opponents of the Ottoman Turks in Eastern Europe usually sought for alliances with Karamanid to catch Ottomans between two fires. Background While Sultan Bayezid I of the Ottoman Empire was in Rumeli in 1398, Mehmet's father Alaattin Ali raided Ankara, an important Ottoman city. Beyazıt returned to Anatolia, defeated and killed Mehmet's father. Then he laid a siege on Karaman. Mehmet and his brother Bengi Ali surrendered on the condition that the c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bayezid I
Bayezid I (; ), also known as Bayezid the Thunderbolt (; ; – 8 March 1403), was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1389 to 1402. He adopted the title of ''Sultan-i Rûm'', ''Rûm'' being the Arabic name for the Eastern Roman Empire. In 1394, Bayezid unsuccessfully Siege of Constantinople (1394–1402), besieged Constantinople. Bayezid vanquished all the Beyliks and proceeded to conquer and vassalize the entirety of Anatolia. In 1402, he once more besieged Constantinople, appearing to find success, but he ultimately withdrew due to the invasion of the Turco-Mongol conqueror Timur.Mango, Cyril. ''The Oxford History of Byzantium''. New York: Oxford UP, 2002. pp. 273–274 He defeated the Crusaders at the Battle of Nicopolis in what is now Bulgaria in 1396. He was later defeated and captured by Timur at the Battle of Ankara in 1402 and died in captivity in March 1403, which triggered the Ottoman Interregnum. Biography Bayezid was the son of Murad IRunciman, Steven ''The Fall ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kütahya
Kütahya (; historically, Cotyaeum or Kotyaion; Ancient Greek, Greek: Κοτύαιον) is a city in western Turkey which lies on the Porsuk River, at 969 metres above sea level. It is the seat of Kütahya Province and Kütahya District. In 1957 Arthur Lane published an influential article in which he reviewed the history of pottery production in the region and proposed that 'Abraham of Kütahya' ware was produced from 1490 until around 1525, 'Damascus' and 'Golden Horn' ware were produced from 1525 until 1555 and 'Rhodian' ware from around 1555 until the demise of the İznik pottery industry at the beginning of the 18th century. This chronology has been generally accepted. Climate Kütahya has a mediterranean climate, warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: ''Csb''), or a temperate continental climate (Trewartha climate classification: ''Dc''), with chilly, wet, often snowy winters and warm, dry summers. Precipitation occurs mostly during the winter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Ankara
The Battle of Ankara or Angora () was fought on 28 July 1402, at the Çubuk plain near Ankara, between the forces of the Ottoman sultan Bayezid I and the emir of the Timurid Empire, Timur. The battle was a major victory for Timur, and it led to the Ottoman Interregnum. Background Timur, a Turco-Mongol from Transoxiana (now Uzbekistan), had built an empire in Central Asia over the years, and became the most powerful ruler in Central Asia since Genghis Khan. He sought to rebuild the once great Mongol Empire. In the 1380s and 1390s, he invaded and conquered parts of Persia (including Azerbaijan and Upper Mesopotamia), ravaged southern Russia and Ukraine (1395–96), and sacked Delhi (1398). Although there had been tensions between the Ottomans and Mongols, nothing would warrant a war, until Bayezid demanded tribute from an emir loyal to Timur, which he understood to be a personal affront and a reason for war. In 1400–01 Timur took Sivas from the Ottomans, parts of Syria from the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Murad II
Murad II (, ; June 1404 – 3 February 1451) was twice the sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from 1421 to 1444 and from 1446 to 1451. Early life Murad was born in June 1404 to Mehmed I, while the identity of his mother is disputed according to various accounts. According to 15th century historian Şükrullah, Murad's mother was a concubine. Hüseyin Hüsâmeddin Yasar, an early 20th century historian, wrote in his work ''Amasya Tarihi'' that his mother was Şahzade Hatun, daughter of Divitdar Ahmed Pasha. According to historians İsmail Hami Danişmend, and Heath W. Lowry, his mother was Emine Hatun, a Dulkadirids, Dulkadirid princess. He spent his early childhood in Amasya. In 1410, Murad came along with his father to the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman capital, Edirne. After his father ascended to the Ottoman throne, he made Murad governor of the Amasya Sanjak. Murad remained at Amasya until the death of Mehmed I in 1421. He was solemnly recognized as sultan of the Ottoman Sultanate at ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Old Anatolian Turkish
Old Anatolian Turkish or Old Turkish, also referred to as Old Anatolian Turkic, (, Perso-Arabic script: اسکی انادولو تورکچهسی), was the form of the Turkish language spoken in Anatolia from the 11th to 15th centuries. It developed into Early Ottoman Turkish. It was written in the Perso-Arabic script. Unlike in later Ottoman Turkish, short-vowel diacritics were used. It had no official status until 1277, when Mehmet I of Karaman declared a firman in an attempt to break the dominance of Persian: , dir="rtl", : , : , :''From now on nobody in the palace, in the divan, council, and at the hearings should speak any language other than Turkish.'' History It has been erroneously assumed that the Old Anatolian Turkish literary language was created in Anatolia and that its authors transformed a primitive language into a literary medium by submitting themselves to Persian influence. In reality, the Oghuz Turks who came to Anatolia brought their own written ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
