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Garuda Indonesia Flight 421
Garuda Indonesia Flight 421 was a scheduled domestic flight operated by Indonesian flag carrier Garuda Indonesia travelling about from Ampenan to Yogyakarta. On 16 January 2002, the flight encountered severe thunderstorm activity during approach to its destination, suffered flameout in both engines, and ditched in a shallow river, resulting in one fatality and several injuries. Aircraft and crew The aircraft, a Boeing 737-3Q8, registration PK-GWA, was manufactured in 1988 and delivered in 1989. It was the first 737 flown by Garuda Indonesia. On this flight, it was flown by Captain Abdul Rozaq (44), and First Officer Harry Gunawan (46). Captain Abdul Rozaq had logged 14,020 flight hours including 5,086 hours on the Boeing 737. First Officer Gunawan had 7,137 flight hours. Passengers Accident As the Boeing 737-300 aircraft was on approach to its destination, the pilots were confronted with substantial thunderstorm activity visible ahead and on their onboard weather radar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flameout
In aviation, a flameout (or flame-out) is the run-down of a jet engine or other turbine engine due to the extinguishment of the flame in its combustor. The loss of flame can have a variety of causes, such as fuel starvation, excessive altitude, compressor stall, foreign object damage deriving from birds, hail, or volcanic ash, severe precipitation, mechanical failure, or very low ambient temperatures. Engine control Early jet engines were prone to flameout following disturbances of inlet airflow, or sudden or inappropriate thrust lever movements, which resulted in incorrect air-fuel ratios in the combustion chamber. Modern engines are much more robust in this respect, and are often digitally controlled, which allows for significantly more effective control of all engine parameters to prevent flameouts and even initiate an automatic restart if a flameout occurs. Flameouts occur most frequently at intermediate or low power settings such as in cruise and descent. To prevent a f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flight Time
Flight time or block time is an aviation term referring to the total amount of time spent piloting aircraft, and serves as the primary measure of a pilot's experience. Flight time is defined by International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) as "The total time from the moment an aeroplane first moves for the purpose of taking off until the moment it finally comes to rest at the end of the flight", and thus includes time spent taxiing and performing pre-flight checks on the ground, provided the engine is running. It is colloquially referred to as "blocks to blocks" or "chocks to chocks" time. In commercial aviation, this means the time from pushing back at the departure gate to arriving at the destination gate. Air time is defined as "the time from the moment an aircraft leaves the surface until it comes into contact with the surface at the next point of landing". For gliders without self-launch capability, flight time "commences when the glider is towed for the purpose of flig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Transportation Safety Committee
The National Transportation Safety Committee (NTSC, , KNKT) is an Indonesian government agency charged with the investigation of air, land, rail, and marine transportation safety deficiencies. It has its headquarters on the third floor of the Ministry of Transportation Building in Central Jakarta, Jakarta. It was formerly a part of the Ministry of Transportation, before it was set as independent agency directly under the President in 2012. The Aircraft Accident Investigation Commission (AAIC, , KPPKPU) investigates aviation accidents and incidents. The NTSC was established by presidential decree in 1999. Subsequent to its investigations, it makes recommendations that are intended to prevent the recurrence of similar accidents. The NTSC emphasizes that the sole objective of its activities is to prevent recurrence of accidents, not to assign blame or liability. In 2000, shortly after its creation, the NTSC issued a report on the crash of SilkAir Flight 185, where 104 people ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hull Loss
A hull loss is an aviation accident that damages the aircraft beyond economic repair, resulting in a total loss. The term also applies to situations where the aircraft is missing, the search for its wreckage is terminated, or the wreckage is logistically inaccessible. The aviation industry uses the metric of "hull losses per 100,000 flight departures" to measure the relative risk of a given flight or aircraft. There is no official ICAO or NTSB definition. From 1959 to 2006, 384 of 835 hull losses were non-fatal. Constructive hull loss takes into account other incidental expenses beyond repair, such as salvage, logistical costs of repairing non- airworthy aircraft within the confines of the incident site, and recertifying the aircraft. Airlines typically have insurance to cover hull loss. Their policies—like many covering assets that are subject to depreciation—typically pay the insured a formulaic used-item value. A damaged aircraft will often simply be scrapped. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fuselage
The fuselage (; from the French language, French ''fuselé'' "spindle-shaped") is an aircraft's main body section. It holds Aircrew, crew, passengers, or cargo. In single-engine aircraft, it will usually contain an Aircraft engine, engine as well, although in some amphibious aircraft the single engine is mounted on a hardpoint, pylon attached to the fuselage, which in turn is used as a floating Hull (watercraft), hull. The fuselage also serves to position the Flight control surfaces, control and Stabilizer (aeronautics), stabilization surfaces in specific relationships to Wing, lifting surfaces, which is required for aircraft stability and maneuverability. Types of structures Truss structure This type of structure is still in use in many lightweight aircraft using welding, welded steel tube trusses. A box truss fuselage structure can also be built out of wood—often covered with plywood. Simple box structures may be rounded by the addition of supported lightweight strin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flap (aeronautics)
A flap is a high-lift device used to reduce the stalling speed of an aircraft wing at a given weight. Flaps are usually mounted on the wing trailing edges of a fixed-wing aircraft. Flaps are used to reduce the take-off distance and the landing distance. Flaps also cause an increase in drag so they are retracted when not needed. The flaps installed on most aircraft are partial-span flaps; spanwise from near the wing root to the inboard end of the ailerons. When partial-span flaps are extended they alter the spanwise lift distribution on the wing by causing the inboard half of the wing to supply an increased proportion of the lift, and the outboard half to supply a reduced proportion of the lift. Reducing the proportion of the lift supplied by the outboard half of the wing is accompanied by a reduction in the angle of attack on the outboard half. This is beneficial because it increases the margin above the stall of the outboard half, maintaining aileron effectiveness and red ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mayday
Mayday is an emergency procedure word used internationally as a distress signal in voice-procedure radio communications. It is used to signal a life-threatening emergency primarily by aviators and mariners, but in some countries local organizations such as firefighters, police forces, and transportation organizations also use the term. Convention requires the word be repeated three times in a row during the initial emergency declaration ("Mayday mayday mayday"). History The "mayday" procedure word was conceived as a distress call in the early 1920s by Frederick Stanley Mockford, officer-in-charge of radio at Croydon Airport, England. He had been asked to think of a word that would indicate distress and would easily be understood by all pilots and ground staff in an emergency. Since much of the air traffic at the time was between Croydon and Le Bourget Airport in Paris, he proposed the term "mayday", the phonetic equivalent of the French (a short form of , "come ndhelp me") ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Auxiliary Power Unit
An auxiliary power unit (APU) is a device on a vehicle that provides energy for functions other than propulsion. They are commonly found on large aircraft and naval ships as well as some large land vehicles. Aircraft APUs generally produce 115 V AC voltage at 400 Hz (rather than 50/60 Hz in mains supply), to run the electrical systems of the aircraft; others can produce 28 V DC voltage. APUs can provide power through single or three-phase systems. A jet fuel starter (JFS) is a similar device to an APU but directly linked to the main engine and started by an onboard compressed air bottle. Transport aircraft History During World War I, the British Coastal class blimps, one of several types of airship operated by the Royal Navy, carried a ABC auxiliary engine. These powered a generator for the craft's radio transmitter and, in an emergency, could power an auxiliary air blower. One of the first military fixed-wing aircraft to use an APU was the British, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CFM International CFM56
The CFM International CFM56 (U.S. military designation F108) series is a Franco-American family of high-bypass turbofan aircraft engines made by CFM International (CFMI), with a thrust range of . CFMI is a 50–50 joint-owned company of Safran Aircraft Engines (formerly known as Snecma) of France, and GE Aerospace (GE) of the United States. GE produces the high-pressure compressor, combustor, and high-pressure Components of jet engines#Turbines, turbine, Safran manufactures the fan, Transmission (mechanics), gearbox, Nozzle, exhaust and the low-pressure turbine, and some components are made by Avio of Italy and Honeywell from the US. Both companies have their own final assembly line, GE in Evendale, Ohio, and Safran in Melun Villaroche Aerodrome, Villaroche, France. The engine initially had extremely slow sales but has gone on to become the most used turbofan aircraft engine in the world. The CFM56 first ran in 1974. By April 1979, the joint venture had not received a single ord ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Storm Cell
A storm cell is an air mass that contains up and down vertical draft, drafts in convective loops and that moves and reacts as a single entity, functioning as the smallest unit of a storm-producing system. An organized grouping of thunder clouds will thus be considered as a series of storm cells with their up/downdrafts being independent or interfering one with the other. Characteristics A storm cell can extend over an area the size of a few tens of square miles/kilometers and last 30 minutes or so. When the updraft and the environmental wind shear is well coordinated, the size and the duration of the cell can be much greater leading to a supercell. Finally, storm cells can form on the Outflow (meteorology), outflow of previous cells leading to multicellular thunderstorms or mesoscale convective systems. Slow motion of these more intense storm cells or groups of cells can produce large precipitation accumulations and flash flood, or other dangerous phenomena like hail and tornadoes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
