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Garlic Common Latent Virus
''Garlic common latent virus'' (GarCLV) is a plant virus member of the genus ''Carlavirus'' that has been found infecting garlic globally. Detection of the virus in leek and onion has also been reported. Epidemiology GarCLV main transmission is through propagation material. As a result, it is often widespread among garlic crop. The virus single infection in garlic is usually symptomless, but in mixed infections with leek yellow stripe virus (LYSV, ''Potyvirus'') or onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV, ''Potyvirus'') could form ‘garlic viral complex’ which increases severity of the other viruses infection. Other Allium spp. such as Allium caeruleum, Allium cristophii, Allium cyathophorum, Allium nutans, Allium schoenoprasum, Allium scorodoprasum, Allium senescens subsp. montanum, and Allium sphaerocephalon had also been reported to be infected by GarCLV. Genome The virus complete genome, excluding poly-(A) tail, is 8,353 nt long, and contains six open reading frame (ORFs). ORF ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carlavirus
''Carlavirus'', formerly known as the " Carnation latent virus group", is a genus of viruses in the order '' Tymovirales'', in the family '' Betaflexiviridae''. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are 53 species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: mosaic and ringspot symptoms. Description ''Carlavirus'' is described in the 9th report of the ICTV (2009). The genus is characterised by having six ORFs ( open reading frames) including a TGB (Triple Gene Block). The viruses are transmitted by insects. Taxonomy The genus was first proposed in the first report of the ICTV in 1971, as the 'Carnation latent virus group' but was renamed in 1975 as the 'Carlavirus group', and as the genus ''Carlavirus'' in 1995 (6th report). In 2005 (8th report) it was placed in the ''Flexiviridae'' family, having previously been unassigned. The current position in the 9th report (2009) as a genus of the family ''Betaflexiviridae'' derives from the subsequent subdivision of ''Flex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Allium Senescens
''Allium senescens'', commonly called aging chive, German garlic, or broadleaf chives, is a species of flowering plant in the genus ''Allium'' (which includes all the ornamental and culinary onions and garlic). Description A bulbous herbaceous perennial, it produces up to 30 pink flowers in characteristic allium umbels in the mid to late summer and grows in height. The foliage is thin and straplike. Taxonomy Two subspecies have been named: * ''Allium senescens'' subsp. ''glaucum'' *''Allium senescens'' subsp. ''senescens'' Distribution ''Allium senescens'' is native to northern Europe and Asia, from Siberia to Korea. It has been introduced and naturalized in some parts of Europe, including the Czech Republic and former Yugoslavia. Uses ''Allium senescens'' is grown for its ornamental qualities, and as a gene source because of its tertiary genetic relationship to '' A. cepa'' (the common onion). In the UK it has received the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garde ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genetic Variations
Genetic variation is the difference in DNA among individuals or the differences between populations. The multiple sources of genetic variation include mutation and genetic recombination. Mutations are the ultimate sources of genetic variation, but other mechanisms, such as genetic drift, contribute to it, as well. Among individuals within a population Genetic variation can be identified at many levels. Identifying genetic variation is possible from observations of phenotypic variation in either quantitative traits (traits that vary continuously and are coded for by many genes (e.g., leg length in dogs)) or discrete traits (traits that fall into discrete categories and are coded for by one or a few genes (e.g., white, pink, or red petal color in certain flowers)). Genetic variation can also be identified by examining variation at the level of enzymes using the process of protein electrophoresis. Polymorphic genes have more than one allele at each locus. Half of the genes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Selection Pressure
Any cause that reduces or increases reproductive success in a portion of a population potentially exerts evolutionary pressure, selective pressure or selection pressure, driving natural selection. It is a quantitative description of the amount of change occurring in processes investigated by evolutionary biology, but the formal concept is often extended to other areas of research. In population genetics, selective pressure is usually expressed as a selection coefficient. Amino acids selective pressure It has been shown that putting an amino acid bio-synthesizing gene like ''HIS4'' gene under amino acid selective pressure in yeast causes enhancement of expression of adjacent genes which is due to the transcriptional co-regulation of two adjacent genes in Eukaryota. Antibiotic resistance Drug resistance in bacteria is an example of an outcome of natural selection. When a drug is used on a species of bacteria, those that cannot resist die and do not produce offspring, while ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Population Study
Population study is an interdisciplinary field of scientific study that uses various statistical methods and models to analyse, determine, address, and predict population challenges and trends from data collected through various data collection methods such as population census, registration method, sampling, and some other systems of data sources. In the various fields of healthcare, a population study is a study of a group of individuals taken from the general population Population typically refers to the number of people in a single area, whether it be a city or town, region, country, continent, or the world. Governments typically quantify the size of the resident population within their jurisdiction using ... who share a common characteristic, such as age, sex, or health condition. This group may be studied for different reasons, such as their response to a drug or risk of getting a disease. References External links Population studyentry in the public d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NCBI GenBank
The GenBank sequence database is an Open access (publishing), open access, annotated collection of all publicly available nucleotide sequences and their protein translations. It is produced and maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI; a part of the National Institutes of Health in the United States) as part of the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (INSDC). GenBank and its collaborators receive sequences produced in laboratories throughout the world from more than 500,000 formally described species. The database started in 1982 by Walter Goad and LANL, Los Alamos National Laboratory. GenBank has become an important database for research in biological fields and has grown in recent years at an Exponential growth, exponential rate by doubling roughly every 18 months. Release 250.0, published in June 2022, contained over 17 trillion nucleotide bases in more than 2,45 billion sequences. GenBank is built by direct submissions from ind ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phylogenetic Trees
A phylogenetic tree (also phylogeny or evolutionary tree Felsenstein J. (2004). ''Inferring Phylogenies'' Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA.) is a branching diagram or a tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other entities based upon similarities and differences in their physical or genetic characteristics. All life on Earth is part of a single phylogenetic tree, indicating common ancestry. In a ''rooted'' phylogenetic tree, each node with descendants represents the inferred most recent common ancestor of those descendants, and the edge lengths in some trees may be interpreted as time estimates. Each node is called a taxonomic unit. Internal nodes are generally called hypothetical taxonomic units, as they cannot be directly observed. Trees are useful in fields of biology such as bioinformatics, systematics, and phylogenetics. ''Unrooted'' trees illustrate only the relatedness of the leaf nodes and do not require the ancestral root to b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Capsid
A capsid is the protein shell of a virus, enclosing its genetic material. It consists of several oligomeric (repeating) structural subunits made of protein called protomers. The observable 3-dimensional morphological subunits, which may or may not correspond to individual proteins, are called capsomeres. The proteins making up the capsid are called capsid proteins or viral coat proteins (VCP). The capsid and inner genome is called the nucleocapsid. Capsids are broadly classified according to their structure. The majority of the viruses have capsids with either Helix, helical or icosahedral structure. Some viruses, such as bacteriophages, have developed more complicated structures due to constraints of elasticity and electrostatics. The icosahedral shape, which has 20 equilateral triangular faces, approximates a sphere, while the helical shape resembles the shape of a Spring (device), spring, taking the space of a cylinder but not being a cylinder itself. The capsid faces may ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Movement Protein
In order for a virus to infect a plant, it must be able to move between cells so it can spread throughout the plant. Plant cell walls make this moving/spreading quite difficult and therefore, for this to occur, movement proteins must be present. A movement protein (MP) is a specific virus-encoded protein that is considered to be a general feature of plant genomes. They allow for local and systemic viral spread throughout a plant. MPs were first studied in the Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) where it was found that viruses were unable to spread without the presence of a specific protein. In general, the plant viruses first, move within the cell from replication sites to the plasmodesmata (PD). Then, the virus is able to go through the PD and spread to other cells. This process is controlled through MPs. Different MPs use different mechanisms and pathways to regulate this spread of some viruses. Nearly all plants express at least one MP, while some can encode many different MPs which help ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Triple Gene Block
Triple is used in several contexts to mean "threefold" or a "treble": Sports * Triple (baseball), a three-base hit * A basketball three-point field goal * A figure skating jump with three rotations * In bowling terms, three strikes in a row * In cycling, a crankset with three chainrings Places * Triple Islands, an uninhabited island group in Nunavut, Canada * Triple Island, British Columbia, Canada * Triple Falls (other), four waterfalls in the United States & Canada * Triple Glaciers, in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming * Triple Crossing, Richmond, Virginia, believed to be the only place in North America where three Class I railroads cross * Triple Bridge, a stone arch bridge in Ljubljana, Slovenia Transportation * Kawasaki triple, a Japanese motorcycle produced between 1969 and 1980 * Triumph Triple, a motorcycle engine from Triumph Motorcycles Ltd * A straight-three engine * A semi-truck with three trailers Science and technology * Triple (mathematics) (3-tup ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Open Reading Frame
In molecular biology, open reading frames (ORFs) are defined as spans of DNA sequence between the start and stop codons. Usually, this is considered within a studied region of a Prokaryote, prokaryotic DNA sequence, where only one of the #Six-frame translation, six possible reading frames will be "open" (the "reading", however, refers to the RNA produced by Transcription (biology), transcription of the DNA and its subsequent interaction with the ribosome in Translation (biology), translation). Such an ORF may contain a start codon (usually AUG in terms of RNA) and by definition cannot extend beyond a stop codon (usually UAA, UAG or UGA in RNA). That start codon (not necessarily the first) indicates where translation may start. The transcription terminator, transcription termination site is located after the ORF, beyond the Translation (biology), translation stop codon. If transcription were to cease before the stop codon, an incomplete protein would be made during translation. In ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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