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Friedel Family
Five French scientists with the same Friedel family name are in direct lineage, Charles, Georges, Edmond and Jacques: * Charles Friedel (1832–1899), French chemist known for the Friedel-Crafts reaction * Georges Friedel (1865–1933), French crystallographer and mineralogist; son of Charles * Edmond Friedel (1895–1972), French polytechnician and mining engineer, founder of BRGM, the French geological survey; son of Georges * Jacques Friedel, (1921–2014), French physicist; son of Edmond. * Jean Friedel, (1874-1941), French botanist; son of Charles and his second spouse Louise Jeanne Salomé Combes 1838-1908. Related items * Friedel–Crafts reaction, a type of organic reaction developed by Charles Friedel and James Crafts in 1877. * Friedel's law, named after Georges Friedel, the crystallographer, is a property of Fourier transforms of real functions. * Friedel's salt, discovered by Georges Friedel, is an anion exchanger mineral belonging to the family of the layered doub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Friedel
Friedel or Friedl is a Southern German diminutive variation of the surname Fried - or alternately, a diminutive of Elfriede - and may refer to: Four French scientists with the same Friedel family name are in direct lineage, Charles, Georges, Edmond and Jacques: * Charles Friedel (1832–1899), French chemist known for the Friedel–Crafts reaction * Georges Friedel (1865–1933), French crystallographer and mineralogist; son of Charles * Edmond Friedel (1895–1972), French Polytechnician and mining engineer, founder of BRGM, the French geological survey; son of Georges * Jacques Friedel (1921–2014), French physicist; son of Edmond, see the French site for Jacques Friedel Other people: * Brad Friedel (born 1971), American international football (soccer) goalkeeper * Frederic Friedel (born 1945), produced documentaries for German TV * Samuel Friedel (1898–1979), former U.S. Congressman who represented the 7th congressional district of Maryland * Joshua Friedel (bo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Charles Friedel
Charles Friedel (; 12 March 1832 – 20 April 1899) was a French chemist and Mineralogy, mineralogist. Life A native of Strasbourg, France, he was a student of Louis Pasteur at the University of Paris, Sorbonne. In 1876, he became a professor of chemistry and mineralogy at the Sorbonne. Friedel developed the Friedel–Crafts reaction, Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation reactions with James Crafts in 1877, and attempted to make synthetic diamonds. Friedel's wife's father was the engineer, Charles Combes. , quercy.net, accessed April 2010 The Friedel family is a rich lineage of French scientists: * Georges Friedel (1865–1933), French crystallographer and mineralogist; son of Charles * Edmond Friedel (1895–1972), French Polytechnician and mining engineer, founder of :fr:BRGM, BRGM, the French geological survey; son of Georges * Ja ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Georges Friedel
Georges Friedel (19 July 1865 – 11 December 1933) was a French mineralogist and crystallographer. Life Georges was the son of the chemist Charles Friedel. Georges' grandfather was Louis Georges Duvernoy who held the chair in comparative anatomy from 1850 to 1855 at the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle. Georges studied at the École Polytechnique in Paris and the École Nationale des Mines in St. Etienne, and was a student of François Ernest Mallard. In 1893 he obtained a professorship at the École Nationale des Mines, of which he would later become the director. After the First World War, he returned as a professor to the University of Strasbourg in Alsace. Due to ill health, he took early retirement in 1930, and died in 1933. He was married with five children. Scientific works Like his teacher Mallard, Friedel concerned himself with the theories of Auguste Bravais, the founder of crystallography. Friedel was able to demonstrate the theoretical ideas of Brav ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Edmond Friedel
Edmond may refer to: Arts and entertainment * ''Edmond'' (play), a 1982 play by David Mamet ** ''Edmond'' (film), a 2005 film based on the 1982 play * '' E.d.M.O.N.D'', a 2013 EP by Edmond Leung * ''Edmond'', a 2016 play by Alexis Michalik ** ''Edmond'', a 2019 film adaptation of the play, written and directed by Michalik * Berlin Edmond (born 1992), American YouTuber known online as Berleezy Places * Edmond, Kansas * Edmond, Oklahoma * Edmonds, Washington * Edmond, West Virginia Others * Edmond (given name) * ''Edmond'' (1833), a passenger sailing ship that sank off the coast of Ireland in 1850 * Edmond, a racehorse that was the joint favourite for the 2001 Grand National See also *Edmund (other) Edmund is an English masculine given name. Edmund may also refer to: Places * Edmund, South Carolina, United States, a census-designated place * Edmund, Wisconsin, United States, an unincorporated community People with the surname * G. R. ... * Edward (disambiguat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jacques Friedel
Jacques Friedel ForMemRS (; 11 February 1921 – 27 August 2014) was a French physicist and material scientist. Education Friedel attended the Cours Hattemer, a private school. He studied at the École Polytechnique from 1944 to 1946, and the École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris from 1946 to 1948. He graduated from the University of Paris with a '' licence ès sciences'' degree in 1948, then studied at the Metallurgy Laboratory of the School of Mines with Charles Crussard. He graduated from the University of Bristol with a PhD in 1952, where he studied with Nevill Francis Mott, and a Doctorat d'Etat in Paris in 1954. Career He was assistant professor at Paris-Sorbonne University in 1956, then full professor of Solid State Physics (from 1959 to 1989) at the University of Paris-Sud where he co-founded the Laboratory of Solid State Physics. He authored more than 200 journal articles. He was the president of the Société française de physique, the European Physical So ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bureau De Recherches Géologiques Et Minières
BRGM is France's public reference institution in Earth science, Earth Science applications for the management of surface and Geology, subsurface resources and risks. It also deals with geological surveys of French territory. BRGM was founded in 1959. It is a Établissement public à caractère industriel et commercial, public establishment of an industrial and commercial nature (EPIC). It reports to the ministries in charge of research, ecology, and economical matters. It is based in the French prefecture of Orléans. Michele, Michèle Rousseau is its chair and managing director and Christophe Poinssot its deputy managing director. BRGM's scope covers several activities: scientific research expertise, innovation and transfer, analysis and experimentation, mining risk prevention and safety, higher education, ongoing vocational training, dissemination of knowledge and open science. It employs more than 1,000 people, including over 700 engineers and researchers, at its 27 regional ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Friedel–Crafts Reaction
The Friedel–Crafts reactions are a set of organic reaction, reactions developed by Charles Friedel and James Crafts in 1877 to attach substituents to an Aromatic hydrocarbon, aromatic ring. Friedel–Crafts reactions are of two main types: alkylation reactions and acylation reactions. Both proceed by electrophilic aromatic substitution. Alkylation With alkenes In commercial applications, the alkylating agents are generally alkenes, some of the largest scale reactions practiced in industry. Such alkylations are of major industrial importance, e.g. for the production of ethylbenzene, the precursor to polystyrene, from benzene and ethylene and for the production of cumene from benzene and propene in cumene process: : : Industrial production typically uses solid acids derived from a zeolite as the catalyst. With alkyl halides Friedel–Crafts alkylation involves the alkylation of an aromatic ring. Traditionally, the alkylating agents are alkyl halides. Many alkylating ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Organic Reaction
Organic reactions are chemical reactions involving organic compounds. The basic organic chemistry reaction types are addition reactions, elimination reactions, substitution reactions, pericyclic reactions, rearrangement reactions, mechanistic organic photochemistry, photochemical reactions and organic redox reaction, redox reactions. In organic synthesis, organic reactions are used in the construction of new organic molecules. The production of many man-made chemicals such as drugs, plastics, food additives, fabrics depend on organic reactions. The oldest organic reactions are combustion of organic fuels and saponification of fats to make soap. Modern organic chemistry starts with the Wöhler synthesis in 1828. In the history of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry awards have been given for the invention of specific organic reactions such as the Grignard reaction in 1912, the Diels–Alder reaction in 1950, the Wittig reaction in 1979 and olefin metathesis in 2005. Classifications Organ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
James Crafts
James Mason Crafts (March 8, 1839 – June 20, 1917) was an American chemist, mostly known for developing the Friedel–Crafts alkylation and acylation reactions with Charles Friedel in 1876. A research chemist for most of his career, Crafts also served as president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1898 to 1900. Biography James Crafts, the son of Royal Altamont Crafts and Marianne Mason (daughter of Senator Jeremiah Mason), was born in Boston, Massachusetts and graduated from Harvard University in 1858. Although he never received his Ph.D., he studied chemistry in Germany at the Academy of Mines (1859) of Freiberg, and served as an assistant to Robert Bunsen at Heidelberg, and then with Wurtz in Paris (1861). It was in Paris that Crafts first met Charles Friedel, with whom he later carried out some of his most successful research. Crafts returned to the United States in 1865. In 1868, he was appointed as the first professor of chemistry at the newl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Friedel's Law
Friedel's law, named after Georges Friedel, is a property of Fourier transforms of real functions. Given a real function f(x), its Fourier transform :F(k)=\int^_f(x)e^dx has the following properties. *F(k)=F^*(-k) \, where F^* is the complex conjugate of F. Centrosymmetric points (k,-k) are called Friedel's pairs. The squared amplitude (, F, ^2) is centrosymmetric: * , F(k), ^2=, F(-k), ^2 \, The phase \phi of F is antisymmetric: * \phi(k) = -\phi(-k) \,. Friedel's law is used in X-ray diffraction, crystallography Crystallography is the branch of science devoted to the study of molecular and crystalline structure and properties. The word ''crystallography'' is derived from the Ancient Greek word (; "clear ice, rock-crystal"), and (; "to write"). In J ... and scattering from real potentials within the Born approximation. Note that twin operation( ''Opération de maclage'') is equivalent to an inversion centre and the intensities from the individual reflections ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Friedel's Salt
Friedel's salt is an anion exchanger mineral belonging to the family of the layered double hydroxides (LDHs). It has affinity for anions as chloride and iodide and is capable of retaining them to a certain extent in its crystallographical structure. Composition Friedel's salt is a layered double hydroxide (LDH) of general formula: : or more explicitly for a positively-charged LDH mineral: : or by directly incorporating water molecules into the Ca,Al hydroxide layer: : where chloride and hydroxide anions occupy the interlayer to compensate the excess of positive charges. In the cement chemist notation (CCN), considering that : and doubling all the stoichiometry, it could also be written in CCN as follows: : A simplified chemical composition with only Cl– in the interlayer, and without OH–, as: : can be also written in cement chemist notation as: : Friedel's salt is formed in cements initially rich in Tricalcium aluminate, tri-calcium aluminate (C3A). Free-c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
