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Friedel
Friedel or Friedl is a Southern German diminutive variation of the surname Fried - or alternately, a diminutive of Elfriede - and may refer to: Four French scientists with the same Friedel family name are in direct lineage, Charles, Georges, Edmond and Jacques: * Charles Friedel (1832–1899), French chemist known for the Friedel–Crafts reaction * Georges Friedel (1865–1933), French crystallographer and mineralogist; son of Charles * Edmond Friedel (1895–1972), French Polytechnician and mining engineer, founder of BRGM, the French geological survey; son of Georges * Jacques Friedel, (1921–2014), French physicist; son of Edmond, see the French site for Jacques Friedel Other people: * Brad Friedel, American international football (soccer) goalkeeper * Frederic Friedel, produced documentaries for German TV * Samuel Friedel, former U.S. Congressman who represented the 7th congressional district of Maryland * Joshua Friedel, American professional chess player * Richard Fri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brad Friedel
Bradley Howard Friedel (born May 18, 1971) is an American professional soccer coach and former player who played as a goalkeeper. Friedel played 84 games for the United States national team between 1992 and 2005, and represented his country at three FIFA World Cup tournaments. He is the current holder of the Premier League record for most consecutive appearances with 310, a feat he achieved during spells at Blackburn Rovers, Aston Villa and Tottenham Hotspur. Until he was left out of the Tottenham team on October 7, 2012, the last Premier League games Friedel missed were Blackburn's final two fixtures of the 2003–04 season against Tottenham and Birmingham City, on May 10 and 15, 2004, respectively. Friedel is also officially Aston Villa's oldest-ever player, a record he set on February 1, 2011, by playing in the club's Premier League fixture away at Manchester United. Friedel's age of 39 years and 259 days surpassed the previous record held by Ernie Callaghan, who last play ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Friedel–Crafts Reaction
The Friedel–Crafts reactions are a set of reactions developed by Charles Friedel and James Crafts in 1877 to attach substituents to an aromatic ring. Friedel–Crafts reactions are of two main types: alkylation reactions and acylation reactions. Both proceed by electrophilic aromatic substitution. Alkylation With alkyl halides Friedel–Crafts alkylation involves the alkylation of an aromatic ring. Traditionally, the alkylating agents are alkyl halides. Many alkylating agents can be used instead of alkyl halides. For example, enones and epoxides can be used in presence of protons. Traditionally also, the reaction employs a strong Lewis acid, such as aluminium chloride as catalyst. This reaction suffers from the disadvantage that the product is more nucleophilic than the reactant because alkyl groups are activators for the Friedel–Crafts reaction. Consequently, overalkylation can occur. Steric hindrance can be exploited to limit the number of alkylations, as in the ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Friedel's Salt
Friedel's salt is an anion exchanger mineral belonging to the family of the layered double hydroxides (LDHs). It has affinity for anions as chloride and iodide and is capable of retaining them to a certain extent in its crystallographical structure. Composition Friedel's salt is a layered double hydroxide (LDH) of general formula: : or more explicitly for a positively-charged LDH mineral: : or by directly incorporating water molecules into the Ca,Al hydroxide layer: : where chloride and hydroxide anions occupy the interlayer to compensate the excess of positive charges. In the cement chemist notation (CCN), considering that : and doubling all the stoichiometry, it could also be written in CCN as follows: : A simplified chemical composition with only Cl– in the interlayer, and without OH–, as: : can be also written in cement chemist notation as: : Friedel's salt is formed in cements initially rich in tri-calcium aluminate (C3A). Free-chloride ions direct ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Georges Friedel
Georges Friedel (19 July 1865 – 11 December 1933) was a French mineralogist and crystallographer. Life Georges was the son of the chemist Charles Friedel. Georges' grandfather was Louis Georges Duvernoy who held the chair in comparative anatomy from 1850 to 1855 at the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle. Georges studied at the École Polytechnique in Paris and the École Nationale des Mines in St. Etienne, and was a student of François Ernest Mallard. In 1893 he obtained a professorship at the École Nationale des Mines, the director of which he would later become. After the First World War, he returned as a professor at the University of Strasbourg in Alsace. Due to ill health, he took early retirement in 1930, and died in 1933. He was married with five children. Scientific works Like his teacher Mallard, Friedel concerned himself with the theories of Auguste Bravais, the founder of crystallography. Friedel was able to demonstrate the theoretical ideas of Bravais ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Joshua Friedel
Joshua E. Friedel (born December 3, 1986) is an American chess player with the FIDE title of Grandmaster. He was the U.S. Open Champion in 2013. He has had notable wins against GMs Hikaru Nakamura, Boris Gulko, Ben Finegold, Timur Gareyev, and Gregory Serper. Early life Friedel was born and raised in Goffstown, New Hampshire. He learned to play chess in 1990, at age 3. Three years later, in 1993, at age 6, he became a student under NM Hal Terrie and entered his first tournament that same year. Chess career In 1995, at age 8, Friedel won the NH Amateur (U2000) Championship, having the lowest rating in the open section. The next year, in 1996, he won the National K-3 Championship in Tucson, Arizona. As a junior, he was often at the top of his age group, competing in the US Cadet (3 times), Junior Closed (twice), Denker, and World Youth (3) events. He won numerous New England tournaments as well as the US Open Expert Section in 2000 at age 13. In 2001, after having reac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Charles Friedel
Charles Friedel (; 12 March 1832 – 20 April 1899) was a French chemist and mineralogist. Life A native of Strasbourg, France, he was a student of Louis Pasteur at the Sorbonne. In 1876, he became a professor of chemistry and mineralogy at the Sorbonne. Friedel developed the Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation reactions with James Crafts in 1877, and attempted to make synthetic diamonds. His son Georges Friedel (1865–1933) also became a renowned mineralogist. Lineage * Friedel's wife's father was the engineer, Charles Combes. , quercy.net, accessed April 2010 The is a rich lineage of French scientists: ** [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jacques Friedel
Jacques Friedel ForMemRS (; 11 February 1921 – 27 August 2014) was a French physicist and material scientist. Education Friedel attended the Cours Hattemer, a private school. He studied at the École Polytechnique from 1944 to 1946, and the École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris from 1946 to 1948. He graduated from the University of Paris with a Licence ès sciences degree in 1948, then studied at the Metallurgy Laboratory of the School of Mines with Charles Crussard. He graduated from the University of Bristol with a PhD in 1952, where he studied with Nevill Francis Mott, and a Doctorat d'Etat in Paris in 1954. Career He was assistant professor at Paris-Sorbonne University in 1956, then full professor of Solid State Physics (from 1959 to 1989) at the University of Paris-Sud where he co-founded the Laboratory of Solid State Physics. He authored more than 200 journal articles. He was the president of the Société française de physique, the European Physical ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Friedel Family
Four French scientists with the same Friedel family name are in direct lineage, Charles, Georges, Edmond and Jacques: * Charles Friedel (1832–1899), French chemist known for the Friedel-Crafts reaction * Georges Friedel (1865–1933), French crystallographer and mineralogist; son of Charles * Edmond Friedel (1895–1972), French Polytechnician and mining engineer, founder of BRGM, the French geological survey; son of Georges * Jacques Friedel, (1921–2014), French physicist; son of Edmond, see the French site for Jacques Friedel Related items * Friedel Crafts Alkylation, a type of organic reaction developed by Charles Friedel and James Crafts in 1877. * Friedel's law, named after Georges Friedel, the crystallographer, is a property of Fourier transforms of real functions. * Friedel's salt, discovered by Georges Friedel, is an anion exchanger mineral belonging to the family of the layered double hydroxides Layered double hydroxides (LDH) are a class of ionic solids chara ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Friedel Oscillations
Friedel oscillations, named after French physicist Jacques Friedel, arise from localized perturbations in a metallic or semiconductor system caused by a defect in the Fermi gas or Fermi liquid. Friedel oscillations are a quantum mechanical analog to electric charge screening of charged species in a pool of ions. Whereas electrical charge screening utilizes a point entity treatment to describe the make-up of the ion pool, Friedel oscillations describing fermions in a Fermi fluid or Fermi gas require a quasi-particle or a scattering treatment. Such oscillations depict a characteristic exponential decay in the fermionic density near the perturbation followed by an ongoing sinusoidal decay resembling sinc function. In 2020, magnetic Friedel oscillations were observed on a metal surface. One-dimensional electron gas As a simple model, consider one-dimensional electron gas in a half-space x > 0. The electrons do not penetrate into the half-space x \leq 0, so that the boundary condit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Friedel's Law
Friedel's law, named after Georges Friedel, is a property of Fourier transforms of real functions. Given a real function f(x), its Fourier transform :F(k)=\int^_f(x)e^dx has the following properties. *F(k)=F^*(-k) \, where F^* is the complex conjugate of F. Centrosymmetric points (k,-k) are called Friedel's pairs. The squared amplitude (, F, ^2) is centrosymmetric: * , F(k), ^2=, F(-k), ^2 \, The phase \phi of F is antisymmetric: * \phi(k) = -\phi(-k) \,. Friedel's law is used in X-ray diffraction, crystallography and scattering from real potential within the Born approximation Generally in scattering theory and in particular in quantum mechanics, the Born approximation consists of taking the incident field in place of the total field as the driving field at each point in the scatterer. The Born approximation is named a .... Note that twin operation( ''Opération de maclage'') is equivalent to an inversion centre and the intensities from the individuals are equivalent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frederic Friedel
Frederic Alois Friedel (born 1945) studied Philosophy and Linguistics at the University of Hamburg without graduating. He joined the American sceptical society CSICOP (now the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry). In 1985, he met Garry Kasparov and soon after that co-founded the chess database company ChessBase. From 1983 to 2004, he edited the biggest computer chess magazine in the world, ''Computer-Schach & Spiele'', which recently became an online publication. Friedel served as an advisor to Kasparov during his matches with Deep Blue Deep Blue may refer to: Film * '' Deep Blues: A Musical Pilgrimage to the Crossroads'', a 1992 documentary film about Mississippi Delta blues music * ''Deep Blue'' (2001 film), a film by Dwight H. Little * ''Deep Blue'' (2003 film), a film us ... in 1996 and 1997. References External linksChessProgramming - Frederic Friedel Computer chess people German chess players Living people 1945 births University of Hamburg alumni {{Germ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Samuel Friedel
Samuel Nathaniel Friedel (April 18, 1898 – March 21, 1979), a Democrat, was a U.S. Congressman who represented the 7th congressional district of Maryland from January 3, 1953 to January 3, 1971. Born in Washington, D.C., to Russian-Jewish immigrants, Friedel moved with his family to Baltimore, Maryland, when he was six months old and attended the public schools in Baltimore and Strayer Business College. He worked as a mailing clerk in a Baltimore store from 1919 to 1923. In 1926, Friedel founded the Industrial Loan Co., serving as president until 1956. Friedel served in the Maryland House of Delegates from 1935 to 1939 and served as a member of the city council of Baltimore from 1939 to 1952, representing the first and later the fifth district. He served as a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1964 and 1968. Friedel was elected as a Democrat to the Eighty-third and to the eight succeeding Congresses, serving from January 3, 1953 until January 3, 1971. Whil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
