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French Braille
French Braille is the original braille alphabet, and the basis of :Innovative braille scripts, almost :French-ordered braille scripts, all others. The collation, alphabetic order of French has become the basis of the international braille convention, used by most braille alphabets around the world. However, only the 25 basic letters of the French alphabet plus ''w'' have become internationalized; the additional letters are largely restricted to French Braille and the alphabets of some neighboring European countries. Letters In numerical order by decade, the letters are: For the purposes of accommodating a foreign alphabet, the letters ''ì, ä, ò'' may be added: There are also numerous contractions and abbreviations in French braille. Punctuation Punctuation is as follows: The lower values are readings within numbers (after the Antoine number marker: see below). Formatting and mode Formatting and mode-changing marks are: As in English Braille, the capital sign is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alphabet
An alphabet is a standard set of letter (alphabet), letters written to represent particular sounds in a spoken language. Specifically, letters largely correspond to phonemes as the smallest sound segments that can distinguish one word from another in a given language. Not all writing systems represent language in this way: a syllabary assigns symbols to spoken syllables, while logographies assign symbols to words, morphemes, or other semantic units. The first letters were invented in Ancient Egypt to serve as an aid in writing Egyptian hieroglyphs; these are referred to as Egyptian uniliteral signs by lexicographers. This system was used until the 5th century AD, and fundamentally differed by adding pronunciation hints to existing hieroglyphs that had previously carried no pronunciation information. Later on, these phonemic symbols also became used to transcribe foreign words. The first fully phonemic script was the Proto-Sinaitic script, also descending from Egyptian hi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Full Stop
The full stop ( Commonwealth English), period (North American English), or full point is a punctuation mark used for several purposes, most often to mark the end of a declarative sentence (as distinguished from a question or exclamation). A full stop is frequently used at the end of word abbreviations—in British usage, primarily truncations like ''Rev.'', but not after contractions like '' Revd''; in American English, it is used in both cases. It may be placed after an initial letter used to abbreviate a word. It is often placed after each individual letter in acronyms and initialisms (e.g., "U.S."). However, the use of full stops after letters in an initialism or acronym is declining, and many of these without punctuation have become accepted norms (e.g., "UK" and "NATO"). When used in a series (typically of three, an ellipsis) the mark is also used to indicate omitted words. In the English-speaking world, a punctuation mark identical to the full stop is used as the d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moon Type
The Moon System of Embossed Reading (commonly known as the Moon writing, Moon alphabet, Moon script, Moon type, or Moon code) is a writing system for the blind, using embossed symbols mostly derived from the Latin script (but simplified). It is claimed by its supporters to be easier to understand than braille, though it is mainly used by people who have lost their sight as adults, and thus already have knowledge of the shapes of letters. History Moon type was developed by William Moon (1818—1894), a blind Englishman living in Brighton, East Sussex. After a bout of scarlet fever, Moon lost his sight at age 21 and became a teacher of blind children. He discovered that his pupils had great difficulty learning to read the existing styles of embossed reading codes, and devised his own system that would be "open and clear to the touch."Farrell, p. 102. Moon first formulated his ideas in 1843 and published the scheme in 1845. Moon is not as well known as braille, but it is a va ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
L·l
LL may refer to: * Ll or ll, a digraph that occurs in several natural languages Arts and entertainment *LL, the production code for the 1967 ''Doctor Who'' serial ''The Evil of the Daleks'' * '' Labyrinth Lord'', a fantasy role-playing game * ''Leabhar Laighneach'', a 12th-century Irish manuscript known in English as the Book of Leinster * LL Cool J, American rapper-actor and Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductee. Brands, companies, and organizations * La Liga, the top Spanish football league * Trade mark of the 1864 in Paris founded firm Léon & Lévy specialized in stereoscopic views and postcards * Lincoln Laboratory, a US federally funded research and development center * Lumber Liquidators, a US retailer of hardwood flooring * LibertyLink, a set of genes developed by Bayer * Nintendo DSi LL, the Japanese name for the Nintendo DSi XL * Nintendo 3DS LL, the Japanese name for the Nintendo 3DS XL * New Nintendo 3DS LL, the Japanese name for the New Nintendo 3DS XL * New Nint ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Braille Patterns
The Unicode block Braille Patterns (U+2800..U+28FF) contains all 256 possible patterns of an 8-dot braille cell, thereby including the complete 6-dot cell range.Unicode Chapter 15 section 15.10 In Unicode, a braille cell does not have a letter or meaning defined. For example, Unicode does ''not'' define to be "R". Independent script In themselves, braille letters do not belong to any print script, but constitute a distinct braille script. The same braille letter can be used to transcribe multiple scripts, e.g. Latin, Cyrillic, Greek and even elements of Chinese characters, as well as digits. Thus while transcribes the letter ''h'' of the Latin script, as well as the digit ''8'', it transcribes ᄐ ''t-'' of Korean |
Scandinavian Braille
Scandinavian Braille is a braille alphabet used, with differences in orthography and punctuation, for the languages of the mainland Nordic countries: Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, and Finnish. In a generally reduced form it is used for Greenlandic. Scandinavian Braille is very close to French Braille, with slight modification of some of the accented letters, and optional use of the others to transcribe foreign languages. Alphabet The braille letters for the French print vowels ''â, œ, ä'' are used for the print vowels ''å, ö/ø, ä/æ'' of the Scandinavian alphabets. Each language uses the letters that exists in its inkprint alphabet. Thus, in numerical order, the letters are: : Greenlandic Braille uses a subset of these letters, ''a e f g i j k l m n o p q r s t u v'', though the rest of the Scandinavian alphabet is available when needed. For foreign accented letters, French Braille assignments are used. Numbers Digits are the first ten letters of the alphabet, and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Italian Braille
Italian Braille is the braille alphabet of the Italian language, both in Italy and in Switzerland. It is very close to French Braille, with some differences in punctuation. Alphabet Since French Braille does not have a letter for ''ó'', Italian Braille uses ''ò'' for both ''ò'' and ''ó''. : If other letters are needed, such as ''j, k, w, x, y'' or accented vowels such as î, French Braille assignments are used. ''j'' is used as the digit 0. Numbers Digits are the first ten letters of the alphabet, and are marked by , as in English Braille. Although a dot as full stop (period) is , a dot as a digit separator, as in 3.500 for three thousand five hundred, is (). Punctuation is the full stop / period; is the digit separator in numbers. *According to Unesco (2013), Italian Braille uses the old French parentheses as square brackets. According to the ''Unione Italiana Ciechi di Legnano'', those are used for parentheses; square brackets are not given. And accordi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Catalan Braille
Catalan Braille is the braille alphabet of the Catalan language. It is very close to French Braille: it uses the 26 letters of the basic braille alphabet, plus several additional letters for ''ç'' and what are, in print, vowel letters with diacritics; these differ from their French values only in the need to accommodate the Catalan acute accent The acute accent (), , is a diacritic used in many modern written languages with alphabets based on the Latin alphabet, Latin, Cyrillic script, Cyrillic, and Greek alphabet, Greek scripts. For the most commonly encountered uses of the accen ...: ''ú, ó, í'' for what are in French Braille ''ù, œ, ì'' : : Print digraphs are written as digraphs in braille as well. Punctuation The middot is used to distinguish double-el , , from the digraph , . Formatting The capital sign needs to be repeated for each letter of an initialism, so ACIC is . See alsoAbecedari Braille de 1931 a 1931 alphabet with different letter assig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vietnamese Braille
Vietnamese Braille is the braille alphabet used for the Vietnamese language. It is very close to French Braille (and thus to a lesser degree to English Braille), but with the addition of tone letters. Vietnamese Braille is known in Vietnamese as ''chữ nổi'', literally "raised letters", while electronic braille displays are called ''màn hình chữ nổi''. Alphabet Apart from ''đ'' (which is brailled as In 2009, Vietnamese Braille changed so that ''đ'' is produced with dots ; ''d'' and ''z'' follow French braille. (''Braille in Asia'' published by the Mitsubishi Foundation and distributed by the Japan Braille Library). and the addition of five tone letters, the Vietnamese Braille alphabet is nearly identical to French Braille French Braille is the original braille alphabet, and the basis of :Innovative braille scripts, almost :French-ordered braille scripts, all others. The collation, alphabetic order of French has become the basis of the international braille conven . ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Portuguese Braille
Portuguese Braille is the braille alphabet of the Portuguese language, both in Portugal and in Brazil. It is very close to French Braille, with slight modification of the accented letters and some differences in punctuation. Alphabet The French Braille letters for vowels with a grave accent in print tend to be used for vowels with an acute accents in Portuguese Braille. (See French Braille#Similar alphabets. The French vowels ''œ'' and ''ä'' are used for the Portuguese nasal vowels ''õ'' and ''ã''. In numerical order, the letters are: : Punctuation Punctuation is nearly identical to that of Spanish Braille Spanish Braille is the braille alphabet of Spanish and Galician. It is very close to French Braille French Braille is the original braille alphabet, and the basis of :Innovative braille scripts, almost :French-ordered braille scripts, all .... Single punctuation: The en dash is written on the middle dots, while the em dash is written on the bottom dots. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spanish Braille
Spanish Braille is the braille alphabet of Spanish and Galician. It is very close to French Braille French Braille is the original braille alphabet, and the basis of :Innovative braille scripts, almost :French-ordered braille scripts, all others. The collation, alphabetic order of French has become the basis of the international braille conven ..., with the addition of a letter for ''ñ'', slight modification of the accented letters and some differences in punctuation. Further conventions have been unified by the Latin American Blind Union, but differences with Spain remain. Alphabet The French Braille letters for vowels with a grave accent, ''à è ù,'' are used in Spanish Braille for vowels with an acute accent, ''á é ú''. In addition, French ''ï'' is reassigned to Spanish ''ñ''. Thus, in numerical order, the letters are: : At one point, French ''w'' was apparently used for Spanish ''ü'', reflecting its pronunciation, and French ''ô'' (a rotated ''v'') for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
