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Fifth Force (Indonesia)
The Fifth Force () was a proposed military branch of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia. Conceived by the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI), it represented an initiative aimed at mobilizing armed workers and peasants. Background During the Guided Democracy Era, the elements of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia (ABRI) comprised the Army, Navy, and Air Force and the Police Force. Each of these elements functioned as a Ministry responsible directly to President Sukarno. Although there was a Commander of the Armed Forces acting as the Coordinating Minister for the Ministry of Defense, their role was limited to administrative duties and did not include command authority. The Police Force was part of the Indonesian Ministry of Defense until 1999, when it became an independent entity. Similarly, during the independence revolution, the Police Force was under the jurisdiction of the Department of Home Affairs. Development D.N. Aidit's proposal During Gui ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian Ocean, Indian and Pacific Ocean, Pacific oceans. Comprising over List of islands of Indonesia, 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guinea, Indonesia is the world's largest archipelagic state and the List of countries and dependencies by area, 14th-largest country by area, at . With over 280 million people, Indonesia is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, fourth-most-populous country and the most populous Islam by country, Muslim-majority country. Java, the world's List of islands by population, most populous island, is home to more than half of the country's population. Indonesia operates as a Presidential system, presidential republic with an elected People's Consultative Assembly, legislature and consists of Provinces of Indonesia, 38 provinces, nine of which have Autonomous administrative divisi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indonesian Air Force
The Indonesian Air Force (, sometimes shortened as IDAF / IdAF) is the Air force, aerial branch of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. The Indonesian Air Force is headquartered in Jakarta, Indonesia, and is headed by the Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Air Force, Chief of Staff of the Air Force ( – KSAU or KASAU). Its order of battle is split into three Air Operations Commands (). Most of its airbases are located on the island of Java. The Indonesian Air Force also has its ground force unit, called Air Force Quick Reaction Force Command (Kopasgat). The corps is also known as the "Orange Berets" () due to the distinctive color of their service headgear. The Indonesian Air Force has 30,100 personnel and equipped with 110 combat aircraft. The inventory includes 33 F-16 Fighting Falcons as the main fighters (from the United States) supplemented by five Su-27 and eleven Su-30 (from Russia), British Aerospace Hawk 200, Hawk 200, KAI T-50 Golden Eagle, KAI T-50 and Embraer EMB 31 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bernard Kalb
Bernard Kalb (February 4, 1922 – January 8, 2023) was an American journalist, moderator, media critic, lecturer, and author. Early life and education Kalb was born in New York City on February 4, 1922, the son of Bella (Portnoy) and Max Kalb. His father was a Polish Jewish immigrant and his mother was a Ukrainian Jew. He graduated from the City College of New York with a B.S.S. and later received an M.A. from Harvard University. Career Kalb covered international affairs for more than three decades at CBS News, NBC News, and ''The New York Times''. For nearly half of that time he was abroad, based in Indonesia, Hong Kong, Paris, and Saigon. Near the end of his tenure at the ''Times'', Kalb received a fellowship from the Council on Foreign Relations—awarded annually to a foreign correspondent—and took a leave from the newspaper for a year. Bernard Kalb and his younger brother, journalist Marvin Kalb, traveled extensively with Henry Kissinger on diplomatic missions and t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Asmu
Asmu, whose birth name was Asmoe Tjiptodarsono, was a leader, theoretician, and chief agricultural expert of the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) and head of the Communist-affiliated Peasants Front of Indonesia () in the mid-1960s. He was killed during the Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66. Biography Asmu's background and early life are poorly documented. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, along with Sakirman, Asmu led the Labour Party of Indonesia (). At around the same time, following the Madiun Affair, there was a new generation of younger leaders who rose up the ranks of the Communist Party, led by D. N. Aidit, and Asmu became a member of that new leading faction. Asmu was also briefly involved in the People's Democratic Front (), a short-lived leftist coalition, as representative of . In 1952 Asmu and Subekti were the PKI delegates to the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. At the turn of the 1960s, as the PKI's agricultural expert, he was conc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peasants Front Of Indonesia
Peasants Front of Indonesia () was a peasant mass organisation connected to the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI). BTI was founded 25 November 1945. The previous peasant organisation of PKI had been the Peasants Union (''Serikat Tani'') formed in 1945. Its final general chairman was Asmu, the PKI's main agricultural analyst, who was appointed to the position in July 1962. The organization struggled for land reform Land reform (also known as agrarian reform) involves the changing of laws, regulations, or customs regarding land ownership, land use, and land transfers. The reforms may be initiated by governments, by interested groups, or by revolution. Lan ..., and was suppressed along with PKI in 1965. References Mass organizations of the Communist Party of Indonesia 1966 disestablishments in Indonesia 1945 establishments in Indonesia {{indonesia-party-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Merdeka Palace
The Merdeka Palace (; also known in Indonesian as and during the Dutch colonial times as ), is one of seven presidential palaces in Indonesia. It is located on the north side of the Merdeka Square, Jakarta, Merdeka Square in Central Jakarta, Indonesia, and was used as the official residence of the president of the Republic of Indonesia. The palace was a residence for the governor-general of the Dutch East Indies during the colonial era. In 1949, the palace was renamed Merdeka Palace, "(an)" meaning "freedom" or "independence". The Merdeka Palace is part of the Jakarta Presidential Palace Complex, which also includes the Istana Negara (Jakarta), Negara Palace, Wisma Negara (state guest house), Sekretariat Negara (State Secretariat), and the Bina Graha building. It is the center of the Indonesian Executive (government), executive authority. History The beginning The building that is now the Merdeka Palace was built on the premise of the Rijswijk Palace (present Istana Negara ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Malaysia
Malaysia is a country in Southeast Asia. Featuring the Tanjung Piai, southernmost point of continental Eurasia, it is a federation, federal constitutional monarchy consisting of States and federal territories of Malaysia, 13 states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two regions: Peninsular Malaysia on the Mainland Southeast Asia, Indochinese Peninsula and East Malaysia on the island of Borneo. Peninsular Malaysia shares land and maritime Malaysia–Thailand border, borders with Thailand, as well as maritime borders with Singapore, Vietnam, and Indonesia; East Malaysia shares land borders with Brunei and Indonesia, and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam. Kuala Lumpur is the country's national capital, List of cities and towns in Malaysia by population, largest city, and the seat of the Parliament of Malaysia, legislative branch of the Government of Malaysia, federal government, while Putrajaya is the federal administrative capi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Operation Trikora
Operation Trikora () was a combined Soviet– Indonesian military operation which aimed to seize and annex the Dutch overseas territory of New Guinea in 1961 and 1962. After negotiations, the Netherlands signed the New York Agreement with Indonesia on 15 August 1962, relinquishing control of Western New Guinea to the United Nations. Background When the rest of the Dutch East Indies became fully independent as Indonesia in December 1949, the Dutch retained sovereignty over the western part of the island of New Guinea during the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference with the method of transfer to be discussed over the next 12 months. Instead, the Dutch wanted to retain Dutch New Guinea. Right-wing politicians wanted that the "Dutch flag remain planted in at least one portion of the former colony" and cited the presence of oil around Sorong. Only when it was certain that the Dutch couldn't keep the territory from Indonesia that they wanted to take steps to prepare it for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nasakom
Nasakom (), which stands for nationalism, religion and communism, was a political concept coined by President Sukarno. This concept prevailed in Indonesia from 1959 during the Guided Democracy Era until the New Order, in 1966. Sukarno's idea of Nasakom was an attempt to unify various political ideologies. Nasakom attempted to unite the nationalist, religious, and communist groups that at that time had the most power in Indonesian politics. Development Since the beginning of the struggle for Indonesian independence, there were three political movements that coloured the various movement organisations of the time. For example ''Indische Party'' and Sarekat Indies which were "nationalist", Sarekat Islam which had an Islamic ideology, and ISDV/PKI which had a Marxist ideology. The idea of Nasakom had actually been thought of by Sukarno since 1927, long before Indonesia's independence. Sukarno wrote a series of articles entitled "Nationalism, Islam and Marxism" in the magazine ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Volunteers Of Dwikora
Volunteering is an elective and freely chosen act of an individual or group giving their time and labor, often for community service. Many volunteers are specifically trained in the areas they work, such as medicine, education, or emergency rescue. Others serve on an as-needed basis, such as in response to a natural disaster. Etymology and history The verb was first recorded in 1755. It was derived from the noun ''volunteer'', in 1600, "one who offers himself for military service," from the Middle French ''voluntaire''. In the non-military sense, the word was first recorded during the 1630s. The word ''volunteering'' has more recent usage—still predominantly military—coinciding with the phrase ''community service''. In a military context, a volunteer army is a military body whose soldiers have chosen to enlist, as opposed to having been conscripted. Such volunteers do not work "for free" and are given regular pay. 19th century During this time, America experienced the G ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
