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Ephelcomenus
''Ephelcomenus'' is an extinct genus of Paleogene, Palaeogene artiodactyls belonging to the Anoplotheriidae that were endemic to Western Europe. It contains one species ''E. filholi'', which was first described by Richard Lydekker in 1889 but eventually classified to its own genus by the Swiss palaeontologist Johannes Hürzeler in 1938. It has an uncertain stratigraphic range, but some sources suggest that it was present in the Oligocene after the Grande Coupure turnover event of western Europe. ''Ephelconemus'' has several unusual traits compared to other anoplotheriids, such as an elongated and tusk-shaped first upper incisor and a hollow first phalanx bone, phalanx. The latter trait, along with the typical flexible limb morphologies of anoplotheriids, led Hürzeler to hypothesize that it was specialized for fossorial behaviors, meaning that it may have burrowed and eaten grounded plant material. The hypothesis has not been tested, but other members of the subfamily Anoplother ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diplobune
''Diplobune'' (Ancient Greek: (double) + (hill) meaning "double hill") is an extinct genus of Paleogene, Palaeogene artiodactyls belonging to the family Anoplotheriidae. It was endemic to Europe and lived from the late Eocene to the early Oligocene. The genus was first erected as a subgenus of ''Dichobune'' by Ludwig Rütimeyer in 1862 based on his hypothesis of the taxon being a transitional form between "''Anoplotherium''" secundaria, previously erected by Georges Cuvier in 1822, and ''Dichobune''. He based the genus etymology off of the two-pointed pillarlike shapes of the lower molars, which had since been a diagnosis of it. However, in 1870, ''Diplobune'' was elevated to genus rank by Oscar Fraas, who recognized that ''Diplobune'' was a distinct genus related to ''Anoplotherium'' and not ''Dichobune''. After several revisions of the anoplotheriids, there are currently four known species of which ''D. minor'' is the type species. ''Diplobune'' was an apomorphy and synapomor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hyracodontherium Ephelcomenus Filholi Dentition
''Diplobune'' (Ancient Greek: (double) + (hill) meaning "double hill") is an extinct genus of Palaeogene artiodactyls belonging to the family Anoplotheriidae. It was endemic to Europe and lived from the late Eocene to the early Oligocene. The genus was first erected as a subgenus of ''Dichobune'' by Ludwig Rütimeyer in 1862 based on his hypothesis of the taxon being a transitional form between "''Anoplotherium''" secundaria, previously erected by Georges Cuvier in 1822, and ''Dichobune''. He based the genus etymology off of the two-pointed pillarlike shapes of the lower molars, which had since been a diagnosis of it. However, in 1870, ''Diplobune'' was elevated to genus rank by Oscar Fraas, who recognized that ''Diplobune'' was a distinct genus related to ''Anoplotherium'' and not ''Dichobune''. After several revisions of the anoplotheriids, there are currently four known species of which ''D. minor'' is the type species. ''Diplobune'' was an evolutionarily derived medium t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Duerotherium
''Duerotherium'' is an extinct genus of artiodactyl that lived during the Middle Eocene and is only known from the Iberian Peninsula. The genus is a member of the family Anoplotheriidae and the subfamily Anoplotheriinae, and contains one species, ''D. sudrei''. Like other anoplotheriids, it was endemic to Western Europe. The genus was described based on a left fragment of a maxilla (upper jaw) from the Mazaterón Formation of the Duero Basin, from which its name derives, in 2009. Its dentition is mostly typical of the Anoplotheriinae but differs from related genera in the elongated and triangular third upper premolar and traits of the molars. It is thought to have been part of an endemic fauna that evolved in the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Eocene, when climates were subtropical. Taxonomy In 2009, Spanish palaeontologists Miguel-Ángel Cuesta and Ainara Badiola described a newly erected anoplotheriine genus from the Mazaterón Formation near the village of Mazater ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Robiatherium
''Robiatherium'' is an extinct genus of Palaeogene artiodactyls containing one species ''R. cournovense''. The genus name derives from the locality of Robiac in France, where some of its fossils were described, plus the Greek /, meaning "beast" or "wild animal". It was known only from the middle Eocene and, like other anoplotheriids, was endemic to Western Europe. The genus was erected by Jean Sudre in 1988 for a species originally attributed to the xiphodont genus '' Paraxiphodon'' in 1978. ''Robiatherium'' had dentitions typical of the subfamily Anoplotheriinae, differing from other genera by specific differences in the molars. It is one of the earliest-appearing anoplotheriine species in the fossil record as well as the earliest to have appeared in Central Europe. Taxonomy In 1988, French palaeontologist Jean Sudre referenced an upper molar from the Robiac-Nord locality in France that he in 1969 listed as "Anoplotherioidea indet." Referencing his previous work in 1978, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anoplotheriinae
Anoplotheriidae is an extinct family of artiodactyl ungulates. They were endemic to Europe during the Eocene and Oligocene epochs about 44—30 million years ago. Its name is derived from the ("unarmed") and θήριον ("beast"), translating as "unarmed beast". Ecology Species of Anoplotheriidae varied substantially in size''. Diplobune minor'' is suggested to have weighted about '','' while ''Anoplotherium'' is suggested to have been up to in weight. ''Anoplotherium'' is thought to have been a browser that reared up on its hind legs to feed, while ''Diplobune'' is suggested to have been an arboreal climbing animal. Systematics and taxonomy The family Anoplotheriidae was assigned to Belluae by Bonaparte (who named it Anoplotheriina) in 1850; to Artiodactyla by Cope in 1889, to Ruminantia by Gregory in 1910, and finally to its own superfamily Anoplotherioidea by Romer in 1966. A 2019 study considered them to be closely related to Cainotheriidae, another group of endemic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Merycoidodont
Merycoidodontoidea, previously known as "oreodonts" or " ruminating hogs," are an extinct superfamily of prehistoric cud-chewing artiodactyls with short faces and fang-like canine teeth. As their name implies, some of the better known forms were generally hog-like, and the group has traditionally been placed within the Suina (pigs, peccaries and their ancestors), though some recent work suggests they may have been more closely related to camels.Spaulding, M., O'Leary, M.A. & Gatesy, J. (2009): Relationships of Cetacea (Artiodactyla) Among Mammals: Increased Taxon Sampling Alters Interpretations of Key Fossils and Character Evolution. '' PLoS ONE'' no 4(9): e7062.article/ref> "Oreodont" means "mountain teeth," referring to the appearance of the molars. Most oreodonts were sheep-sized, though some genera grew to the size of cattle. They were heavy-bodied, with short four-toed hooves and comparatively long tails. The animals would have looked rather pig- or sheep-like, but fea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tragulid
Chevrotains, or mouse-deer, are small, even-toed ungulates that make up the family Tragulidae, and are the only living members of the infraorder Tragulina. The 10 extant species are placed in three genera, but several species also are known only from fossils. The extant species are found in forests in South and Southeast Asia; a single species, the water chevrotain, is found in the rainforests of Central and West Africa. In November 2019, conservation scientists announced that they had photographed silver-backed chevrotains (''Tragulus versicolor'') in a Vietnamese forest for the first time since the last confirmed sightings in 1990. They are solitary, or live in loose groupings or pairs, and feed almost exclusively on plant material. Chevrotains are the smallest hoofed mammals in the world. The Asian species weigh between , while the African chevrotain is considerably larger, at . With an average length of and an average height of , the Java mouse-deer is the smallest ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Johannes Hürzeler
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Mammal Paleogene Zones
The Mammal Paleogene zones or MP zones are a system of biostratigraphic zones in the stratigraphic record used to correlate mammal-bearing fossil localities of the Paleogene period of Europe. It consists of thirty consecutive zones (numbered MP 1 through MP 30; MN 8 and 9 have been joined into MN 8 + 9 zone; and MP 17 zone is split into two zones - MP 17A and MP 17B zone) defined through reference faunas, well-known sites that other localities can be correlated with. MP 1 is the earliest zone, and MP 30 is the most recent. The Grande Coupure extinction and faunal turnover event marks the boundary between MP 20 and MP 21, the post-Grande Coupure faunas occurring by MP 21 onward. The MP zones are complementary with the MN zones in the Neogene. These zones were proposed at the Congress in Mainz held in 1987 to help paleontologists provide more specific reference points to evolutionary events in Europe, but are used by paleontologists on other continents as well.Norbert Schmidt-Kittle ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tylopod
Tylopoda (meaning "calloused foot") is a suborder of terrestrial herbivorous even-toed ungulates belonging to the order Artiodactyla. They are found in the wild in their native ranges of South America and Asia, while Australian feral camels are introduced. The group has a long fossil history in North America and Eurasia. Tylopoda appeared during the Eocene around 50 million years ago. Tylopoda has only one extant family, Camelidae, which includes camels, llamas, guanacos, alpacas and vicuñas. This group was much more diverse in the past, containing a number of extinct families in addition to the ancestors of living camelids (see below). Tylopods are not ruminants. Taxonomy and systematics Tylopoda was named by Illiger (1811) and considered monophyletic by Matthew (1908). It was treated as an unranked clade by Matthew (1908) and as a suborder by Carroll (1988), Ursing et al. (2000) and Whistler and Webb (2005). It was assigned to Ruminantia by Matthew (1908); to Artiodactyla ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
