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Epaminurad
Epaminurad is an investigational new drug being developed by JW Pharmaceutical for the treatment of gout and hyperuricemia. It is a urate-lowering agent that selectively inhibits the human SLC22A12, uric acid transporter 1 (hURAT1), promoting urate excretion. As of 2024, epaminurad is undergoing Phase 3 clinical trials to evaluate its efficacy and safety compared to febuxostat in gout patients across multiple Asian countries. References {{pharma-stub Benzamides Bromobenzene derivatives Oxazines Phenols Pyridines ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Investigational New Drug
The United States Food and Drug Administration's Investigational New Drug (IND) program is the means by which a pharmaceutical industry, pharmaceutical company obtains permission to start human clinical trials and to ship an experimental drug interstate commerce, across state lines (usually to clinical investigators) before a marketing application for the drug has been approved. Regulations are primarily at . Similar procedures are followed in the European Union, Japan, and Canada due to regulatory harmonization efforts by the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use, International Council for Harmonisation. Types * Research or investigator INDs are non-commercial INDs filed by researchers to study an unapproved drug or to study an approved drug for a new indication or in a new patient population. * Expanded access, Emergency Use INDs, also called compassionate use or single-patient INDs, are filed for emergency use of a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gout
Gout ( ) is a form of inflammatory arthritis characterized by recurrent attacks of pain in a red, tender, hot, and Joint effusion, swollen joint, caused by the deposition of needle-like crystals of uric acid known as monosodium urate crystals. Pain typically comes on rapidly, reaching maximal intensity in less than 12 hours. The Metatarsophalangeal joint, joint at the base of the Hallux, big toe is affected (''Podagra'') in about half of cases. It may also result in Tophus, tophi, kidney stones, or Urate nephropathy, kidney damage. Gout is due to persistently elevated levels of uric acid (urate) in the blood (hyperuricemia). This occurs from a combination of diet, other health problems, and genetic factors. At high levels, uric acid crystallizes and the crystals deposit in joints, tendons, and surrounding tissues, resulting in an attack of gout. Gout occurs more commonly in those who regularly drink beer or sugar-sweetened beverages; eat foods that are high in purines such ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hyperuricemia
Hyperuricaemia or hyperuricemia is an abnormally high level of uric acid in the blood. In the pH conditions of body fluid, uric acid exists largely as urate, the ion form. Serum uric acid concentrations greater than 6 mg/dL for females, 7 mg/dL for males, and 5.5 mg/dL for youth (under 18 years old) are defined as hyperuricemia. The amount of urate in the body depends on the balance between the amount of purines eaten in food, the amount of urate synthesised within the body (e.g., through cell turnover), and the amount of urate that is excreted in urine or through the gastrointestinal tract. Hyperuricemia may be the result of increased production of uric acid, decreased excretion of uric acid, or both increased production and reduced excretion. Signs and symptoms Unless high blood levels of uric acid are determined in a clinical laboratory, hyperuricemia may not cause noticeable symptoms in most people. Development of gout which is a painful, short-term d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SLC22A12
Solute carrier family 22 (organic anion/cation transporter), member 12, also known as SLC22A12 and URAT1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''SLC22A12'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a urate transporter and urate-anion exchanger which regulates the level of urate in the blood. This protein is an integral membrane protein primarily found in kidney. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. Clinical significance Numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms of this gene are significantly associated with altered (increased or decreased) reabsorption of uric acid by the kidneys. Respectively, these altered rates of reabsorption contribute to hyperuricemia and hypouricemia. Interactions SLC22A12 has been shown to have a protein-protein interaction with PDZK1. Inhibition Lesinurad, ruzinurad, darbinurad, verinurad, epaminurad, lingdolinurad, xininurad, puliginurad and dotinurad are urate transporter in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Urate
Uric acid is a heterocyclic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen with the formula C5H4N4O3. It forms ions and salts known as urates and acid urates, such as ammonium acid urate. Uric acid is a product of the metabolic breakdown of purine nucleotides, and it is a normal component of urine. High blood concentrations of uric acid can lead to gout and are associated with other medical conditions, including diabetes and the formation of ammonium acid urate kidney stones. Chemistry Uric acid was first isolated from kidney stones in 1776 by Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele. In 1882, the Ukrainian chemist Ivan Horbaczewski first synthesized uric acid by melting urea with glycine. Uric acid displays lactam–lactim tautomerism. Uric acid crystallizes in the lactam form, with computational chemistry also indicating that tautomer to be the most stable. Uric acid is a diprotic acid with p''K''a1 = 5.4 and p''K''a2 = 10.3. At physiological pH, urate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Febuxostat
Febuxostat, sold under the brand name ''Uloric'' among others, is a medication used long-term to treat gout due to hyperuricemia, high uric acid levels. It is generally recommended only for people who cannot take allopurinol. It is taken by mouth. Common side effects include liver problems, nausea, joint pain, and a rash. Serious side effects include an increased risk of death as compared with allopurinol, Stevens–Johnson syndrome, and anaphylaxis. Use is not recommended during pregnancy or breastfeeding. It inhibits xanthine oxidase, thus reducing production of uric acid in the body. Febuxostat was approved for medical use in the European Union in 2008, and in the United States in 2009. A generic medication, generic version was approved in 2019. Medical uses Febuxostat is used to treat chronic gout and hyperuricemia. Febuxostat is typically recommended only for people who cannot tolerate allopurinol. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence concluded that ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Benzamides
Benzamide is an organic compound with the chemical formula of C7H7NO. It is the simplest amide derivative of benzoic acid. In powdered form, it appears as a white solid, while in crystalline form, it appears as colourless crystals. It is slightly soluble in water, and soluble in many organic solvents. It is a natural alkaloid Alkaloids are a broad class of natural product, naturally occurring organic compounds that contain at least one nitrogen atom. Some synthetic compounds of similar structure may also be termed alkaloids. Alkaloids are produced by a large varie ... found in the herbs of '' Berberis pruinosa''. Chemical derivatives A number of substituted benzamides are commercial drugs, including: See also * References External links Physical characteristics {{Authority control Phenyl compounds ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bromobenzene Derivatives
Bromobenzene is an aryl bromide and the simplest of the bromobenzenes, consisting of a benzene ring substituted with one bromine atom. Its chemical formula is . It is a colourless liquid although older samples can appear yellow. It is a reagent in organic synthesis. Synthesis and reactions Bromobenzene is prepared by the action of bromine on benzene in the presence of Lewis acid catalysts such as aluminium chloride or ferric bromide. Bromobenzene is used to introduce a phenyl group into other compounds. One method involves its conversion to the Grignard reagent, phenylmagnesium bromide. This reagent can be used, e.g. in the reaction with carbon dioxide to prepare benzoic acid. Other methods involve palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions, such as the Suzuki reaction. Bromobenzene is used as a precursor in the manufacture of phencyclidine Phencyclidine or phenylcyclohexyl piperidine (PCP), also known in its use as a street drug as angel dust among other names, is a dis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oxazines
Oxazines are heterocyclic organic compounds containing one oxygen and one nitrogen atom in a cyclohexa-1,4-diene ring (a doubly unsaturated six-membered ring). Isomers exist depending on the relative position of the heteroatoms and relative position of the double bonds. By extension, the derivatives are also referred to as oxazines; examples include ifosfamide and morpholine (tetrahydro-1,4-oxazine). A commercially available dihydro-1,3-oxazine is a reagent in the Meyers synthesis of aldehydes. Fluorescent dyes such as Nile red and Nile blue are based on the aromatic compound benzophenoxazine. Cinnabarine and cinnabaric acid are two naturally occurring dioxazines, being derived from biodegradation of tryptophan. Dioxazines Dioxazines are pentacyclic compounds consisting of two oxazine subunits. A commercially important example is the pigment pigment violet 23. Benzoxazines Benzoxazines are bicyclic compounds formed by the ring fusion of a benzene ring with an oxazine. Poly ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phenols
In organic chemistry, phenols, sometimes called phenolics, are a class of chemical compounds consisting of one or more hydroxyl groups (− O H) bonded directly to an aromatic hydrocarbon group. The simplest is phenol, . Phenolic compounds are classified as simple phenols or polyphenols based on the number of phenol units in the molecule. Phenols are both synthesized industrially and produced by plants and microorganisms. Properties Acidity Phenols are more acidic than typical alcohols. The acidity of the hydroxyl group in phenols is commonly intermediate between that of aliphatic alcohols and carboxylic acids (their pKa is usually between 10 and 12). Deprotonation of a phenol forms a corresponding negative phenolate ion or phenoxide ion, and the corresponding salts are called phenolates or phenoxides (aryloxides, according to the IUPAC Gold Book). Condensation with aldehydes and ketones Phenols are susceptible to electrophilic aromatic substitutions. Condensation with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
