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Eduard Slavoljub Penkala
Slavoljub Eduard Penkala (; 20 April 1871 – 5 February 1922) was a Croatian engineer and inventor. Biography Eduard Penkala was born in Liptószentmiklós (now Liptovský Mikuláš in Slovakia), then part of Austria-Hungary, to Franciszek Pękała, who was of Polish heritage, and Maria Pękała (née Hannel), who was of Dutch descent. He attended the University of Vienna and Royal Saxon Polytechnic Institute, graduating from the latter on March 25, 1898, and going on to earn a doctorate in organic chemistry. During his studies, he attended violin lessons where he met his future wife, pianist Emily Stoffregen. He then moved with his wife to Zagreb (which was then in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia). To mark his loyalty to his new homeland, he took on the Croatian name Slavoljub ( Croatian for " slavophile"), becoming a naturalized Croat. He became renowned for further development of the mechanical pencil (1906) - then called an "automatic pencil" - and the first solid-ink foun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Liptovský Mikuláš
Liptovský Mikuláš (; until 1952 ''Liptovský Svätý Mikuláš'', ; ) is a town in northern Slovakia, on the Váh River, about from Bratislava. It lies in the Liptov region, in Podtatranská kotlina, Liptov Basin near the Low Tatra and Tatra mountains. The town, known as Liptovský Svätý Mikuláš (or Liptovský Saint Nicholas) before communist times, is also renowned as a town of guilds and culture. History From the second half of the 10th century until 1918, it was part of the Kingdom of Hungary. The town of Mikuláš ''(Liptau-Sankt-Nikolaus)'' was first mentioned in the royal deed of King Ladislaus IV of Hungary, Ladislaus IV in 1286. The first written record mentioning the Church of Saint Nicolaus which was to become the founding element of a larger settlement dates back to 1299. The Church of Saint Nicolaus is the oldest building in the town of Liptovský Mikuláš. Mikuláš was one of the foremost important centers of crafts in the Liptov region. The craftsmen fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Croatian Language
Croatian (; ) is the standard language, standardised Variety (linguistics)#Standard varieties, variety of the Serbo-Croatian pluricentric language mainly used by Croats. It is the national official language and literary standard of Croatia, one of the official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, the Serbian province of Vojvodina, the European Union and a recognized minority language elsewhere in Serbia and other neighbouring countries. In the mid-18th century, the first attempts to provide a Croatian literary standard began on the basis of the Neo-Shtokavian dialect that served as a supraregional lingua franca – pushing back regional Chakavian, Kajkavian, and Shtokavian vernaculars. The decisive role was played by Croatian Vukovians, who cemented the usage of Ijekavian Neo-Shtokavian as the literary standard in the late 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, in addition to designing a phonological orthography. Croatian is written in Gaj's Latin alphabet. B ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brake
A brake is a machine, mechanical device that inhibits motion by absorbing energy from a moving system. It is used for Acceleration, slowing or stopping a moving vehicle, wheel, axle, or to prevent its motion, most often accomplished by means of friction. Background Most brakes commonly use friction between two surfaces pressed together to convert the kinetic energy of the moving object into heat, though other methods of energy conversion may be employed. For example, regenerative braking converts much of the energy to electrical energy, which may be stored for later use. Other methods convert kinetic energy into potential energy in such stored forms as Compressed air energy storage, pressurized air or pressurized oil. Eddy current brakes use magnetic fields to convert kinetic energy into electric current in the brake disc, fin, or rail, which is converted into heat. Still other braking methods even transform kinetic energy into different forms, for example by transferring the en ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Detergent
A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with Cleanliness, cleansing properties when in Concentration, dilute Solution (chemistry), solutions. There are a large variety of detergents. A common family is the alkylbenzene sulfonates, which are soap-like compounds that are more soluble than soap in hard water, because the polar sulfonate is less likely than the polar carboxylate of soap to bind to calcium and other ions found in hard water. Definitions The word ''detergent'' is derived from the Latin adjective , from the verb , meaning to wipe or polish off. Detergent can be defined as a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with cleansing properties when in Concentration, dilute Solution (chemistry), solutions. However, conventionally, detergent is used to mean synthetic cleaning compounds as opposed to ''soap'' (a salt of the natural fatty acid), even though soap is also a detergent in the true sense. In domestic contexts, the term ''detergent'' refers to househ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hot Water Bottle
A hot-water bottle is a bottle filled with hot water and sealed with a Bung, stopper, used to provide warmth, typically while in bed, but also for the application of heat to a specific part of the body. Early history Containers for warmth in bed were in use as early as the 16th century. The earliest versions contained hot coals from the dying embers of the fire, and these bed warmers were used to warm the bed before getting into it. Containers using hot water were soon also used, with the advantages that they could remain in the bed with the sleeper and were not so hot as to be a fire risk. Prior to the invention of rubber that could withstand sufficient heat, these early hot-water bottles were made of a variety of materials, such as zinc, copper, brass, glass, earthenware or wood. To prevent burning, the metal hot water flasks were wrapped in a soft cloth bag. Rubber bottles "India rubber" hot-water bottles were in use in Britain at least by 1875. Modern conventional hot-wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Patent
A patent is a type of intellectual property that gives its owner the legal right to exclude others from making, using, or selling an invention for a limited period of time in exchange for publishing an sufficiency of disclosure, enabling disclosure of the invention."A patent is not the grant of a right to make or use or sell. It does not, directly or indirectly, imply any such right. It grants only the right to exclude others. The supposition that a right to make is created by the patent grant is obviously inconsistent with the established distinctions between generic and specific patents, and with the well-known fact that a very considerable portion of the patents granted are in a field covered by a former relatively generic or basic patent, are tributary to such earlier patent, and cannot be practiced unless by license thereunder." – ''Herman v. Youngstown Car Mfg. Co.'', 191 F. 579, 584–85, 112 CCA 185 (6th Cir. 1911) In most countries, patent rights fall under private la ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dragutin Novak
Dragutin Karlo Novak (16 February 1892 – 31 October 1978) was the first person in what is now Croatia to make a heavier-than-air flight by flying a plane constructed by Slavoljub Eduard Penkala on 22 June 1910. Novak flew in an airplane made by constructor Slavoljub Penkala from the military training-field in Črnomerec, Zagreb. Later, during one of Novak's flying achievements, on 20 October 1910, the airplane was damaged, and Penkala gave up on aircraft design. Childhood and youth Novak was born in Zagreb, in Ilica 19 street. During his youth, his parents died so his aunt cared for him, "harmonizing" his life. He attended elementary school in Zagreb, then went to convent school in Tropava (Silesia). He then continued in mechanical trade, specializing in precision mechanics in 1909. In 1910, he left Zagreb and went to his sister in Budapest, where he was successful in an airplane competition. Shortly afterwards, he returned Zagreb and took employment in the business of Sl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Penkala 1910 Biplane
The 1910 Penkala Biplane also called the Leptir () was the first aircraft to fly in Croatia. Design and development The Leptir was a single engine, sesquiplane aircraft with conventional landing gear. The open girder fuselage provides an unusually long distance to the tail surfaces, compared to modern aircraft. The flat bottom surface of the fuselage was covered, forming a long thin triangular surface intended to provide lift, which was not functional in level flight. The aircraft was tail heavy with a center of gravity at 70 percent of wing chord. Operational history The first flight occurred on 22 June 1910 with pilot Dragutin Novak. The aircraft was crashed several months later. Variants ;1910 Biplane :Original design ;1910 Leptir II :Modifications to include skids ;2010 CA-10 Replica :Replica aircraft - Powered by Rotax 912 The Rotax 912 is a horizontally-opposed four-cylinder, naturally-aspirated, four-stroke aircraft engine with a reduction gearbox. It featur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
TOZ Penkala
TOZ Penkala (full , meaning ''Zagreb pencil factory'') is a Croatian manufacturing company of stationery products, based in Zagreb. It is a leading manufacturer of school and office accessories in Central and Southeast Europe. The company's operations were restarted in 2016, after a brief period of inactivity. The end of the company was reported in 2024. History The company was established in 1937, although some sources link its foundation to the earlier Penkala-Edmund Moster & Co.. From a small plant for the manufacture of pencils and pastels has grown into today's modern joint-stock company with a long tradition in the production of school and office accessories. The tradition of writing utensils in Zagreb reaches to the past thanks to the work of Slavoljub Eduard Penkala, one of the region's leading inventors of 20th century, in 1906. He patented and started with production of mechanical pencil and in 1907 with the fountain pen A fountain pen is a writing instrument t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Edmund Moster
Edmund Moster (24 August 1873 – 1942) was a Croatian Jewish entrepreneur, industrialist, inventor and co-founder of the " Penkala-Moster Company" (now TOZ) in Zagreb. Biography Moster was born and raised to a Jewish family of Hinko Moster and Terezija Lederer, with nine siblings in Sveti Ivan Žabno near Križevci. His father was much respected tradesman and steam mill owner in Sveti Ivan Žabno. The Moster family's wealth had been earned by diligence and shrewdness. Moster was married to Klara Breitenstein. In 1911, Moster and his brother Mavro collaborated with Slavoljub Eduard Penkala to open the "Penkala-Moster" pen and pencil company in Zagreb. Moster and his brother owned 66,6% of the company, and Penkala 33,3%. Zagreb, moj grad; Jura Gašparac; Eduard Slavoljub Penkala, Hrvatski sudionik civilizacijskog napretka Europe; February 2008., broj 10; p. 27. Moster would later open another company, in Berlin, Germany, which was headed by his other brother, Alexander Moster. Z ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1906
Events January–February * January 12 – Persian Constitutional Revolution: A nationalistic coalition of merchants, religious leaders and intellectuals in Persia forces the shah Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar to grant a constitution, and establish a national assembly, the Majlis. * January 16–April 7 – The Algeciras Conference convenes, to resolve the First Moroccan Crisis between France and Germany. * January 22 – The strikes a reef off Vancouver Island, Canada, killing over 100 (officially 136) in the ensuing disaster. * January 31 – The Ecuador–Colombia earthquake (8.8 on the Moment magnitude scale), and associated tsunami, cause at least 500 deaths. * February 7 – is launched, sparking a naval race between Britain and Germany. * February 11 ** Pope Pius X publishes the encyclical '' Vehementer Nos'', denouncing the 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State. ** Two British members of a poll tax collecting expe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
