Slavoljub Eduard Penkala (; 20 April 1871 – 5 February 1922) was a

Croatia Croatia, officially the Republic of Croatia, is a country in Central Europe, Central and Southeast Europe, on the coast of the Adriatic Sea. It borders Slovenia to the northwest, Hungary to the northeast, Serbia to the east, Bosnia and Herze ...

n engineer and

inventor An invention is a unique or novel device, method, composition, idea, or process. An invention may be an improvement upon a machine, product, or process for increasing efficiency or lowering cost. It may also be an entirely new concept. If an ...

Biography

Eduard Penkala was born in Liptószentmiklós (now Liptovský Mikuláš in

Slovakia Slovakia, officially the Slovak Republic, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east, Hungary to the south, Austria to the west, and the Czech Republic to the northwest. Slovakia's m ...

), then part of

Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary, also referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Dual Monarchy or the Habsburg Monarchy, was a multi-national constitutional monarchy in Central Europe#Before World War I, Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. A military ...

, to Franciszek Pękała, who was of Polish heritage, and Maria Pękała (née Hannel), who was of Dutch descent. He attended the

University of Vienna The University of Vienna (, ) is a public university, public research university in Vienna, Austria. Founded by Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria, Duke Rudolph IV in 1365, it is the oldest university in the German-speaking world and among the largest ...

and Royal Saxon Polytechnic Institute, graduating from the latter on March 25, 1898, and going on to earn a

doctorate A doctorate (from Latin ''doctor'', meaning "teacher") or doctoral degree is a postgraduate academic degree awarded by universities and some other educational institutions, derived from the ancient formalism '' licentia docendi'' ("licence to teach ...

organic chemistry Organic chemistry is a subdiscipline within chemistry involving the science, scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds and organic matter, organic materials, i.e., matter in its various forms that contain ...

. During his studies, he attended violin lessons where he met his future wife, pianist Emily Stoffregen. He then moved with his wife to

Zagreb Zagreb ( ) is the capital (political), capital and List of cities and towns in Croatia#List of cities and towns, largest city of Croatia. It is in the Northern Croatia, north of the country, along the Sava river, at the southern slopes of the ...

(which was then in the

Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia The Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia (; or ; ) was a nominally autonomous kingdom and constitutionally defined separate political nation within the Austro-Hungarian Empire. It was created in 1868 by merging the kingdoms of Kingdom of Croatia (Habs ...

). To mark his loyalty to his new homeland, he took on the Croatian name Slavoljub ( Croatian for " slavophile"), becoming a naturalized

Croat The Croats (; , ) are a South Slavs, South Slavic ethnic group native to Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and other neighboring countries in Central Europe, Central and Southeastern Europe who share a common Croatian Cultural heritage, ancest ...

. He became renowned for further development of the

mechanical pencil A mechanical pencil or clutch pencil is a pencil with a replaceable and mechanically extendable solid pigment core called a "lead" . The pencil lead, lead, often made of graphite, is not bonded to the outer casing, and the user can mechanically e ...

(1906) - then called an "automatic pencil" - and the first solid-ink

fountain pen A fountain pen is a writing instrument that uses a metal nib (pen), nib to apply Fountain pen ink, water-based ink, or special pigment ink—suitable for fountain pens—to paper. It is distinguished from earlier dip pens by using an internal r ...

(1907). On 24 January

1906 Events January–February * January 12 – Persian Constitutional Revolution: A nationalistic coalition of merchants, religious leaders and intellectuals in Persia forces the shah Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar to grant a constitution, ...

he registered the patent for an automatic pencil. Collaborating with an entrepreneur by the name of

Edmund Moster Edmund Moster (24 August 1873 – 1942) was a Croatian Jewish entrepreneur, industrialist, inventor and co-founder of the " Penkala-Moster Company" (now TOZ) in Zagreb. Biography Moster was born and raised to a Jewish family of Hinko Moster a ...

, he started the Penkala-Moster Company and built a pen-and-pencil factory that was one of the biggest in the world at the time. As the business grew, a second factory was set up in Berlin. The company, now called

TOZ Penkala TOZ Penkala (full , meaning ''Zagreb pencil factory'') is a Croatian manufacturing company of stationery products, based in Zagreb. It is a leading manufacturer of school and office accessories in Central and Southeast Europe. The company's oper ...

, still exists today. He also constructed the first Croatian aircraft to fly in the country, the

Penkala 1910 Biplane The 1910 Penkala Biplane also called the Leptir () was the first aircraft to fly in Croatia. Design and development The Leptir was a single engine, sesquiplane aircraft with conventional landing gear. The open girder fuselage provides an unusua ...

, flown by

Dragutin Novak Dragutin Karlo Novak (16 February 1892 – 31 October 1978) was the first person in what is now Croatia to make a heavier-than-air flight by flying a plane constructed by Slavoljub Eduard Penkala on 22 June 1910. Novak flew in an airplane made b ...

, who was also the first Croatian pilot. He constructed and invented many other products and devices, and held a total of 80

patent A patent is a type of intellectual property that gives its owner the legal right to exclude others from making, using, or selling an invention for a limited period of time in exchange for publishing an sufficiency of disclosure, enabling discl ...

s. Among his patented inventions were: * a

hot water bottle A hot-water bottle is a bottle filled with hot water and sealed with a Bung, stopper, used to provide warmth, typically while in bed, but also for the application of heat to a specific part of the body. Early history Containers for warmth in b ...

- his first patented invention, the "Termofor" * a type of bluing

detergent A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with Cleanliness, cleansing properties when in Concentration, dilute Solution (chemistry), solutions. There are a large variety of detergents. A common family is the alkylbenzene sulfonate ...

* a rail-car

brake A brake is a machine, mechanical device that inhibits motion by absorbing energy from a moving system. It is used for Acceleration, slowing or stopping a moving vehicle, wheel, axle, or to prevent its motion, most often accomplished by means of ...

* an anode battery He also founded another company called the Elevator Chemical Manufacturing Company, which produced various chemicals such as detergents, sealing wax, and "Radium Vinovica", a patent-medicine – like product that was billed as curing

rheumatism Rheumatism or rheumatic disorders are conditions causing chronic, often intermittent pain affecting the joints or connective tissue. Rheumatism does not designate any specific disorder, but covers at least 200 different conditions, including a ...

. He had four children with his wife, Emily. Penkala died in Zagreb at the age of 50, after catching

pneumonia Pneumonia is an Inflammation, inflammatory condition of the lung primarily affecting the small air sacs known as Pulmonary alveolus, alveoli. Symptoms typically include some combination of Cough#Classification, productive or dry cough, ches ...

on a business trip. He was buried at the

Mirogoj Cemetery The Mirogoj City Cemetery (, ), also known as Mirogoj Cemetery (), is a cemetery park that is considered to be among the more noteworthy landmarks in the city of Zagreb. The cemetery inters members of all religious groups: Catholic, Orthodox, M ...

. Gradska groblja Zagreb: Slavoljub Eduard Penkala, Mirogoj RKT-78-I-117

References

External links

"About Eduard Slavoljub Penkala"
��Biography of Eduard Slavoljub Penkala at the web site of the book ''Penkala Writing Instruments'', by Miroslav Tischler.

��from the web site "Croatia - Overview of History, Culture and Science", by Darko Zubrinic.
TOZ-Penkala
{{DEFAULTSORT:Penkala, Slavoljub Eduard 1871 births 1922 deaths Businesspeople from Austria-Hungary Aviation pioneers Burials at Mirogoj Cemetery Croatian Austro-Hungarians Croatian businesspeople Croatian inventors Croatian people of Dutch descent Croatian people of Polish descent Deaths from pneumonia in Yugoslavia TU Dresden alumni Naturalized citizens of Croatia Patent medicine businesspeople People from Liptovský Mikuláš Engineers from Zagreb

Biography

See also

References

External links