Dullness
Dullness may refer to: In vision *A lack of perceived brightness *A lack of perceived colorfulness In medicine *A dull sound in response to percussion (medicine) ** Shifting dullness, a medical sign In philosophy and religion *Tamas (philosophy), one of the three tendencies in the Samkhya school of Hindu philosophy *Thīna, an unwholesome mental factor in Buddhism *''Laya'' or ''bying-ba'', in the five faults and eight antidotes of Tibetan Buddhism Other uses * Dulling, the tendency of a blade to lose sharpness *Stupidity *A tendency to cause boredom *Drowsiness (archaic) See also * Dull (other) *Dulness, a goddess in ''The Dunciad'' *Dully Dully is a municipality in the district of Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. History Dully is first mentioned in 1238 as ''Delui''. Geography Dully has an area, , of . Of this area, or 53.0% is used for agricultural purposes, while ...

Five Faults And Eight Antidotes
The five faults and eight antidotes are factors of samatha meditation identified in the Tibetan Buddhist tradition. The five faults identify obstacles to meditation practice, and the eight antidotes are applied to overcome the five faults. This system originates with Maitreyanātha's '' Madhyānta-vibhāga'' and is elaborated upon in further texts, such as Kamalaśīla's ''Stages of Meditation'' (''Bhāvanākrama''). This formulation has been commented upon by generations of Tibetan commentators. This formulation derives originally from the Yogācāra tradition. The five faults The five faults (Sanskrit: ''ādīnava''; Tibetan: ''nyes-dmigs'') of shamatha meditation according to the textual tradition of Tibetan Buddhism are: # Laziness ('' kausīdya, le-lo'') # Forgetting the instruction (''avavādasammosa, gdams-ngag brjed-pa'') # Agitation (''auddhatya, rgod-pa'') and dullness (''laya, bying-ba'') # Non-application (''anabhisamskāra, ’du mi-byed-pa'') # Over-application (''abhi ...
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Shifting Dullness
In medicine, shifting dullness refers to a sign elicited on physical examination for ascites (fluid in the peritoneal cavity).Murray Longmore, Ian B. Wilinson, Edward H. Dawvidson, Alexander Foulkes and Ahmad R. Mafi ''Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine'' 8thEdition Oxford University Press 2010 The test is performed by first percussing the midline of the abdomen to elicit a resonant note due to gas in the abdomen. If there is no area of resonance, then the test cannot be performed. Percussion is then moved progressively more laterally (away from the examiner) – this is depicted as the red section in the diagram on the right – until the note becomes dull, as depicted by the green section. The examiner's index finger remains on the resonant side, and the middle finger remains on the dull side, straddling the fluid-air level. The patient is then asked to lean on their right lateral side (assuming the examiner used the traditional right-sided approach). This stabilises the pati ...
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Dull (other)
Dull may refer to: __NOTOC__ Places * Dull, Perth and Kinross, Scotland, United Kingdom, a village * Dull, Ohio, United States, an unincorporated community * Dull, Texas, United States, a ghost town People * Jack Dull (1930–1995), American professor, scholar of the history of Han China * Orville O. Dull (1888–1978), American film producer and director * Ryan Dull (born 1989), American Major League Baseball pitcher Other uses * Dull Gret, a figure of Flemish folklore See also * Hugh the Dull, Lord of Douglas (1294 – between 1342 and 1346), Scottish nobleman and cleric * Dullness Dullness may refer to: In vision *A lack of perceived brightness *A lack of perceived colorfulness In medicine *A dull sound in response to percussion (medicine) ** Shifting dullness, a medical sign In philosophy and religion *Tamas (philosophy ...

Brightness
Brightness is an attribute of visual perception in which a source appears to be radiating or reflecting light. In other words, brightness is the perception elicited by the luminance of a visual target. The perception is not linear to luminance, and relies on the context of the viewing environment (for example, see White's illusion). Brightness is a subjective sensation of an object being observed and one of the color appearance parameters of many color appearance models, typically denoted as Q. Brightness refers to how much light ''appears to shine'' from something. This is a different perception than lightness, which is how light something appears ''compared to'' a similarly lit white object. The adjective ''bright'' derives from an Old English ''beorht'' with the same meaning via metathesis giving Middle English ''briht''. The word is from a Common Germanic ', ultimately from a PIE root with a closely related meaning, *' "white, bright". "Brightness" was formerly used as a s ...
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Colorfulness
Colorfulness, chroma and saturation are attributes of perceived color relating to chromatic intensity. As defined formally by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) they respectively describe three different aspects of chromatic intensity, but the terms are often used loosely and interchangeably in contexts where these aspects are not clearly distinguished. The precise meanings of the terms vary by what other functions they are dependent on. * Colorfulness is the "attribute of a visual perception according to which the perceived color of an area appears to be more or less chromatic"., page 87. The colorfulness evoked by an object depends not only on its spectral reflectance but also on the strength of the illumination, and increases with the latter unless the brightness is very high ( Hunt effect). * Chroma is the "colorfulness of an area judged as a proportion of the brightness of a similarly illuminated area that appears white or highly transmitting". As a resu ...
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Percussion (medicine)
Percussion is a technique of clinical examination. Overview Percussion is a method of tapping on a surface to determine the underlying structures, and is used in clinical examinations to assess the condition of the thorax or abdomen. It is one of the four methods of clinical examination, together with inspection, palpation, auscultation, and inquiry. It is done with the middle finger of one hand tapping on the middle finger of the other hand using a wrist action. The nonstriking finger (known as the pleximeter) is placed firmly on the body over tissue. When percussing boney areas such as the clavicle, the pleximeter can be omitted and the bone is tapped directly such as when percussing an apical cavitary lung lesion typical of tuberculosis. There are two types of percussion: direct, which uses only one or two fingers; and indirect, which uses only the middle/flexor finger. Broadly classifying, there are four types of percussion sounds: resonant, hyper-resonant, stony dull or ...
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Tamas (philosophy)
Tamas (Sanskrit: तमस् ''tamas'' "darkness") is one of the three Gunas (tendencies, qualities, attributes), a philosophical and psychological concept developed by the Samkhya school of Hindu philosophy.James G. Lochtefeld, Guna, in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, Vol. 1, Rosen Publishing, , page 265 The other two qualities are '' rajas'' (passion and activity) and ''sattva'' (purity, goodness). ''Tamas'' is the quality of inertia, inactivity, dullness, or lethargy. Etymology The Vedic word ''támas'' refers to "darkness" and the Indo-European word ''*temH-es'', meaning "dark", and the Lithuanian word ''tamsa'', meaning "darkness", is related to it. Hinduism In Samkhya philosophy, a is one of three "tendencies, qualities": sattva, rajas and tamas. This category of qualities have been widely adopted by various schools of Hinduism for categorizing behavior and natural phenomena. The three qualities are: * ''Sattva Sattva ( Sanskrit: सत्त्व, meani ...
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Thīna
Thīna ( Sanskrit styāna, स्त्यान​; pi, थीन) is a Buddhist term that is translated as "sloth". ''Thīna'' is defined as sluggishness or dullness of mind, characterized by a lack of driving power. In the Theravada tradition, ''thīna'' is said to occur in conjunction with middha (''torpor''), which is defined as a morbid state that is characterized by unwieldiness, lack of energy, and opposition to wholesome activity. The two mental factors in conjunction are expressed as thīna-middha (''sloth-torpor''). Thīna is mentioned in the Pali canon as: * One of the five hindrances to meditation practice (in combination with middha, i.e. as ''sloth-torpor'') * One of the fourteen unwholesome mental factors within the Theravada Abhidharma teachings * Closely related to the Sanskrit term kausīdya (spiritual sloth), that is identified as one of the twenty secondary unwholesome factors within the Mahayana Abhidharma teachings Explanation Bhikkhu Bodhi explains: ...
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Blade
A blade is the portion of a tool, weapon, or machine with an edge that is designed to puncture, chop, slice or scrape surfaces or materials. Blades are typically made from materials that are harder than those they are to be used on. Historically, humans have made blades from flaking stones such as flint or obsidian, and from various metal such as copper, bronze and iron. Modern blades are often made of steel or ceramic. Blades are one of humanity's oldest tools, and continue to be used for combat, food preparation, and other purposes. Blades work by concentrating force on the cutting edge. Certain blades, such as those used on bread knives or saws, are serrated, further concentrating force on the point of each tooth. Uses During food preparation, knives are mainly used for slicing, chopping, and piercing. In combat, a blade may be used to slash or puncture, and may also be thrown or otherwise propelled. The function is to sever a nerve, muscle or tendon fibers, or blood ...
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Stupidity
Stupidity is a lack of intelligence, understanding, reason, or wit. It may be innate, assumed or reactive. The word ''stupid'' comes from the Latin word ''stupere''. Stupid characters are often used for comedy in fictional stories. Walter B. Pitkin called stupidity "evil", but in a more Romantic spirit William Blake and Carl Jung believed stupidity can be the mother of wisdom. Etymology The root word ''stupid'', which can serve as an adjective or noun, comes from the Latin verb ''stupere'', for being numb or astonished, and is related to '' stupor''. In Roman culture, the ''stupidus'' was the professional fall guy in the theatrical mimes. According to the online Merriam-Webster dictionary, the words "stupid" and "stupidity" entered the English language in 1541. Since then, stupidity has taken place along with "fool," " idiot," " dumb," " moron," and related concepts as a pejorative for misdeeds, whether purposeful or accidental, due to absence of mental capacity. Definiti ...
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Boredom
In conventional usage, boredom, ennui, or tedium is an emotional and occasionally psychological state experienced when an individual is left without anything in particular to do, is listlessness and dissatisfaction arising from a lack of occupation or excitement, is not interested in their surroundings, or feels that a day or period is dull or tedious. It is also understood by scholars as a modern phenomenon which has a cultural dimension. "There is no universally accepted definition of boredom. But whatever it is, researchers argue, it is not simply another name for depression or apathy. It seems to be a specific mental state that people find unpleasant—a lack of stimulation that leaves them craving relief, with a host of behavioral, medical and social consequences." According to BBC News, boredom "...can be a dangerous and disruptive state of mind that damages your health"; yet research "...suggest that without boredom we couldn't achieve our creative feats." In ''Experien ...
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Drowsiness
Somnolence (alternatively sleepiness or drowsiness) is a state of strong desire for sleep, or sleeping for unusually long periods (compare hypersomnia). It has distinct meanings and causes. It can refer to the usual state preceding falling asleep, the condition of being in a drowsy state due to circadian rhythm disorders, or a symptom of other health problems. It can be accompanied by lethargy, weakness and lack of mental agility. Somnolence is often viewed as a symptom rather than a disorder by itself. However, the concept of somnolence recurring at certain times for certain reasons constitutes various disorders, such as excessive daytime sleepiness, shift work sleep disorder, and others; and there are medical codes for somnolence as viewed as a disorder. Sleepiness can be dangerous when performing tasks that require constant concentration, such as driving a vehicle. When a person is sufficiently fatigued, microsleeps may be experienced. In individuals deprived of sleep, ...
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