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Dissimilatory Metal-reducing Bacteria
Dissimilatory metal-reducing microorganisms are a group of microorganisms (both bacteria and archaea) that can perform anaerobic respiration utilizing a metal as terminal electron acceptor rather than molecular oxygen (O2), which is the terminal electron acceptor reduced to water (H2O) in aerobic respiration. The most common metals used for this end are iron e(III)and manganese n(IV) which are reduced to Fe(II) and Mn(II) respectively, and most microorganisms that reduce Fe(III) can reduce Mn(IV) as well. But other metals and metalloids are also used as terminal electron acceptors, such as vanadium (V) chromium r(VI) molybdenum o(VI) cobalt o(III) palladium d(II) gold u(III) and mercury g(II) Conditions and mechanisms for dissimilatory metal reduction Dissimilatory metal reducers are a diverse group of microorganisms, which is reflected in the factors that affect the different forms of metal reduction. The process of dissimilatory metal reduction occurs in the absence o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Microorganism
A microorganism, or microbe, is an organism of microscopic scale, microscopic size, which may exist in its unicellular organism, single-celled form or as a Colony (biology)#Microbial colonies, colony of cells. The possible existence of unseen microbial life was suspected from antiquity, with an early attestation in Jain literature authored in 6th-century BC India. The scientific study of microorganisms began with their observation under the microscope in the 1670s by Anton van Leeuwenhoek. In the 1850s, Louis Pasteur found that microorganisms caused food spoilage, debunking the theory of spontaneous generation. In the 1880s, Robert Koch discovered that microorganisms caused the diseases tuberculosis, cholera, diphtheria, and anthrax. Microorganisms are extremely diverse, representing most unicellular organisms in all three domains of life: two of the three domains, Archaea and Bacteria, only contain microorganisms. The third domain, Eukaryota, includes all multicellular o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gold
Gold is a chemical element; it has chemical symbol Au (from Latin ) and atomic number 79. In its pure form, it is a brightness, bright, slightly orange-yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal. Chemically, gold is a transition metal, a group 11 element, and one of the noble metals. It is one of the least reactivity (chemistry), reactive chemical elements, being the second-lowest in the reactivity series. It is solid under standard temperature and pressure, standard conditions. Gold often occurs in free elemental (native state (metallurgy), native state), as gold nugget, nuggets or grains, in rock (geology), rocks, vein (geology), veins, and alluvial deposits. It occurs in a solid solution series with the native element silver (as in electrum), naturally alloyed with other metals like copper and palladium, and mineral inclusions such as within pyrite. Less commonly, it occurs in minerals as gold compounds, often with tellurium (gold tellurides). Gold is resistant to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bacteria
Bacteria (; : bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one Cell (biology), biological cell. They constitute a large domain (biology), domain of Prokaryote, prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit the air, soil, water, Hot spring, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep biosphere of Earth's crust. Bacteria play a vital role in many stages of the nutrient cycle by recycling nutrients and the nitrogen fixation, fixation of nitrogen from the Earth's atmosphere, atmosphere. The nutrient cycle includes the decomposition of cadaver, dead bodies; bacteria are responsible for the putrefaction stage in this process. In the biological communities surrounding hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, extremophile bacteria provide the nutrients needed to sustain life by converting dissolved compounds, suc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thermoanaerobacter
''Thermoanaerobacter'' is a genus in the phylum Bacillota (Bacteria). Members of this genus are thermophilic and anaerobic, several of them were previously described as ''Clostridium'' species and members of the now obsolete genera ''Acetogenium'' and ''Thermobacteroides'' Etymology The name ''Thermoanaerobacter'' derives from:Greek adjective ''thermos (θερμός)'', hot; Greek prefix ''an (ἄν)'', not; Greek noun ''aer, aeros (ἀήρ, ἀέρος)'', air; Neo-Latin masculine gender noun, '' bacter'', nominally meaning "a rod", but in effect meaning a bacterium, rod; Neo-Latin masculine gender noun ''Thermoanaerobacter'', rod which grows in the absence of air at elevated temperatures. Species The genus contains 15 species, namely * '' T. acetoethylicus'' (Ben-Bassat and Zeikus 1983) Rainey and Stackebrandt 1993 (Latin noun ''acetum'', vinegar; Neo-Latin adjective ''ethylicus'', pertaining to ethyl alcohol; Neo-Latin masculine gender adjective ''acetoethylicus'', intended t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deferribacter
''Deferribacter'' is a genus in the phylum Deferribacterota (Bacteria). Etymology The name ''Deferribacter'' derives from:Latin pref. ''de''-, from; Latin noun ''ferrum'', iron; Neo-Latin masculine gender noun, a rod'' bacter'', nominally meaning "a rod", but in effect meaning a bacterium, rod; Neo-Latin masculine gender noun ''Deferribacter'', rod that reduces iron. Species The genus contains 4 species, namely * '' D. abyssi'' Miroshnichenko et al. 2003; (Latin genitive case noun ''abyssi'', of immense depths, living in the depths of the ocean.) * '' D. autotrophicus'' Slobodkina et al. 2009; (Neo-Latin masculine gender adjective ''autotrophicus'', autotrophic.) * '' D. desulfuricans'' Takai et al. 2003; (Neo-Latin participle adjective ''desulfuricans'', reducing sulfur.) * '' D. thermophilus'' Greene et al. 1997 ((Type species of the genus).; Greek noun ''thermē (θέρμη)'', heat; Neo-Latin masculine gender adjective ''philus'' (from Greek masculine gender adjective φίλ� ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Geothrix Fermentans
''Geothrix fermentans'' is a rod-shaped, anaerobic bacterium. It is about 0.1 μm in diameter and ranges from 2-3 μm in length. Cell arrangement occurs singly and in chains. ''Geothrix fermentans'' can normally be found in aquatic sediments such as in aquifers. As an anaerobic chemoorganotroph, this organism is best known for its ability to use electron acceptors Fe(III), as well as other high potential metals. It also uses a wide range of substrates as electron donors. Research on metal reduction by ''G. fermentans'' has contributed to understanding more about the geochemical cycling of metals in the environment. Taxonomy history ''Geothrix fermentans'' was isolated from metal-contaminated waters of an aquifer in 1999 by John D. Coates from Southern Illinois University and by others from the University of Massachusetts. The novel strain was originally named "Strain H-5T ". After classifying metabolism and confirming the presence and number of c-type cytochromes, Coat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Albidiferax
''Albidiferax'' is a genus in the phylum Pseudomonadota (Bacteria). Etymology The name ''Albidiferax'' derives from:Latin adjective ''albidus'', whitish, white; Latin adjective ''ferax'', fertile; Neo-Latin masculine gender noun ''Albidiferax'', whitish and fertile. Species The genus contains a single species, namely ''Albidiferax ferrireducens'' ( corrig. (Finneran ''et al''. 2003) Ramana and Sasikala 2009, (Type species of the genus).; Latin noun ''ferrum'', iron; Latin participle adjective ''reducens'' (from Latin v. ''reducere''), leading back, bringing back and in chemistry converting to a different oxidation state; Neo-Latin participle adjective ''ferrireducens'', iron-reducing (converting iron to a reduced oxidation state).) See also * Bacterial taxonomy * Microbiology Microbiology () is the branches of science, scientific study of microorganisms, those being of unicellular organism, unicellular (single-celled), multicellular organism, multicellular (consisting of co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nature (journal)
''Nature'' is a British weekly scientific journal founded and based in London, England. As a multidisciplinary publication, ''Nature'' features Peer review, peer-reviewed research from a variety of academic disciplines, mainly in science and technology. It has core editorial offices across the United States, continental Europe, and Asia under the international scientific publishing company Springer Nature. ''Nature'' was one of the world's most cited scientific journals by the Science Edition of the 2022 ''Journal Citation Reports'' (with an ascribed impact factor of 50.5), making it one of the world's most-read and most prestigious academic journals. , it claimed an online readership of about three million unique readers per month. Founded in the autumn of 1869, ''Nature'' was first circulated by Norman Lockyer and Alexander MacMillan (publisher), Alexander MacMillan as a public forum for scientific innovations. The mid-20th century facilitated an editorial expansion for the j ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bacterial Nanowires
Bacterial nanowires (also known as microbial nanowires) are electrically conductive appendages produced by a number of bacteria most notably from the ''Geobacter'' and '' Shewanella'' genera. Conductive nanowires have also been reported in the oxygenic cyanobacterium ''Synechocystis'' PCC6803 and a thermophilic, methanogenic coculture consisting of '' Pelotomaculum thermopropionicum'' and '' Methanothermobacter thermoautotrophicus'', but the identity of these proteins remains unknown. From physiological and functional perspectives, bacterial nanowires are diverse. The precise role microbial nanowires play in their biological systems has not been fully realized, but several proposed functions exist. Outside of a naturally occurring environment, bacterial nanowires have shown potential to be useful in several fields, notably the bioenergy and bioremediation industries. Physiology ''Geobacter'' nanowires were originally thought to be modified pili, which are used to establish connec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biofilm
A biofilm is a Syntrophy, syntrophic Microbial consortium, community of microorganisms in which cell (biology), cells cell adhesion, stick to each other and often also to a surface. These adherent cells become embedded within a slimy extracellular matrix that is composed of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs). The cells within the biofilm produce the EPS components, which are typically a polymeric combination of extracellular polysaccharides, proteins, lipids and DNA. Because they have a three-dimensional structure and represent a community lifestyle for microorganisms, they have been metaphorically described as "cities for microbes". Biofilms may form on living (biotic) or non-living (abiotic) surfaces and can be common in natural, industrial, and hospital settings. They may constitute a microbiome or be a portion of it. The microbial cells growing in a biofilm are physiology, physiologically distinct from planktonic cells of the same organism, which, by contrast, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shewanella
''Shewanella'' is the sole genus included in the marine bacteria family Shewanellaceae. Some species within it were formerly classed as '' Alteromonas''. ''Shewanella'' consists of facultatively anaerobic Gram-negative rods, most of which are found in extreme aquatic habitats where the temperature is very low and the pressure is very high. ''Shewanella'' bacteria are a normal component of the surface flora of fish and are implicated in fish spoilage. ''Shewanella chilikensis'', a species of the genus ''Shewanella'' commonly found in the marine sponges of Saint Martin's Island of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh. ''Shewanella oneidensis'' MR-1 is a widely used laboratory model to study anaerobic respiration of metals and other anaerobic extracellular electron acceptors, and for teaching about microbial electrogenesis and microbial fuel cells. Biochemical characteristics of ''Shewanella'' species Colony, morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of ''Shewanel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Facultative Anaerobe
A facultative anaerobic organism is an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but is capable of switching to fermentation if oxygen is absent. Some examples of facultatively anaerobic bacteria are ''Staphylococcus'' spp., ''Escherichia coli'', ''Salmonella'', ''Listeria'' spp., '' Shewanella oneidensis'' and ''Yersinia pestis''. Certain eukaryotes are also facultative anaerobes, including pupfish, fungi such as ''Saccharomyces cerevisiae'' and many aquatic invertebrates such as nereid polychaetes. It has been observed that in mutants of '' Salmonella typhimurium'' that underwent mutations to be either obligate aerobes or anaerobes, there were varying levels of chromatin-remodeling proteins. The obligate aerobes were later found to have a defective DNA gyrase subunit A gene ('' gyrA''), while obligate anaerobes were defective in topoisomerase I (''topI''). This indicates that topoisomerase I and its associated relaxation of chromosomal DNA is requi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
