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Dihexyl Phthalate
Dodecane (also known as dihexyl, bihexyl, adakane 12, or duodecane) is an oily liquid ''n''-alkane hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C12H26 (which has 355 isomers). It is used as a solvent, distillation chaser, and scintillator component. It is used as a diluent for tributyl phosphate (TBP) in nuclear reprocessing plants. Combustion reaction The combustion reaction of dodecane is as follows: :C12H26(''l'') + 18.5 O2(''g'') → 12 CO2(''g'') + 13 H2O(''g'') :Enthalpy, Δ''H''° = −7513 Joule, kJ One litre of fuel needs about 15 kg of air to burn (2.6 kg of oxygen), and generates 2.3 kg (or 1.2 m3) of CO2 upon complete combustion. Jet fuel surrogate In recent years, ''n''-dodecane has garnered attention as a possible fuel surrogate, surrogate for kerosene-based fuels such as Jet-A, S-8, and other conventional aviation fuels. It is considered a second-generation fuel surrogate designed to emulate the laminar flame speed, largely supplanting ''n''-decane, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Undecane
Undecane (also known as hendecane) is a liquid alkane hydrocarbon with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)9CH3. It is used as a mild sex attractant for various types of moths and cockroaches, and an alert signal for a variety of ants. It has 159 isomers. Undecane may also be used as an internal standard in gas chromatography when working with other hydrocarbons. Since the boiling point of undecane (196 °C) is well known, it may be used as a comparison for retention times in a gas chromatograph for molecules whose structure has been freshly elucidated. For example, if one is working with a 50 m crosslinked methyl silicone capillary column with an oven temperature increasing slowly, beginning around 60 °C, an 11-carbon molecule like undecane may be used as an internal standard to be compared with the retention times of other 10-, 11-, or 12- carbon molecules, depending on their structures. See also * Higher alkanes * List of isomers of undecane * Cycloundecane Reference ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Joule
The joule ( , or ; symbol: J) is the unit of energy in the International System of Units (SI). In terms of SI base units, one joule corresponds to one kilogram- metre squared per second squared One joule is equal to the amount of work done when a force of one newton displaces a body through a distance of one metre in the direction of that force. It is also the energy dissipated as heat when an electric current of one ampere passes through a resistance of one ohm for one second. It is named after the English physicist James Prescott Joule (1818–1889). Definition According to the International Bureau of Weights and Measures the joule is defined as "the work done when the point of application of 1 MKS unit of force ewtonmoves a distance of 1 metre in the direction of the force." In terms of SI base units and in terms of SI derived units with special names, the joule is defined as One joule is also equivalent to any of the following: * The work required to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NIST
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is an agency of the United States Department of Commerce whose mission is to promote American innovation and industrial competitiveness. NIST's activities are organized into physical science laboratory programs that include nanoscale science and technology, engineering, information technology, neutron research, material measurement, and physical measurement. From 1901 to 1988, the agency was named the National Bureau of Standards. History Background The Articles of Confederation, ratified by the colonies in 1781, provided: The United States in Congress assembled shall also have the sole and exclusive right and power of regulating the alloy and value of coin struck by their own authority, or by that of the respective states—fixing the standards of weights and measures throughout the United States. Article 1, section 8, of the Constitution of the United States, ratified in 1789, granted these powers to the new Co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Isomers Of Dodecane
This is the list of 355 isomers of dodecane. Straight-chain *Dodecane Undecane * 2-Methylundecane * 3-Methylundecane * 4-Methylundecane * 5-Methylundecane * 6-Methylundecane Decane Dimethyl * 2,2-Dimethyldecane * 2,3-Dimethyldecane * 2,4-Dimethyldecane * 2,5-Dimethyldecane * 2,6-Dimethyldecane * 2,7-Dimethyldecane * 2,8-Dimethyldecane * 2,9-Dimethyldecane * 3,3-Dimethyldecane * 3,4-Dimethyldecane * 3,5-Dimethyldecane * 3,6-Dimethyldecane * 3,7-Dimethyldecane * 3,8-Dimethyldecane * 4,4-Dimethyldecane * 4,5-Dimethyldecane * 4,6-Dimethyldecane * 4,7-Dimethyldecane * 5,5-Dimethyldecane * 5,6-Dimethyldecane Ethyl * 3-Ethyldecane * 4-Ethyldecane * 5-Ethyldecane Nonane Trimethyl * 2,2,3-Trimethylnonane * 2,2,4-Trimethylnonane * 2,2,5-Trimethylnonane * 2,2,6-Trimethylnonane * 2,2,7-Trimethylnonane * 2,2,8-Trimethylnonane * 2,3,3-Trimethylnonane * 2,3,4-Trimethylnonane * 2,3,5-Trimethylnonane * 2,3,6-Trimethylnonane * 2,3,7-Trimethylnonane * 2,3,8-Trimethylnonane * 2,4,4-Trimethylnonan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kerosene
Kerosene, or paraffin, is a combustibility, combustible hydrocarbon liquid which is derived from petroleum. It is widely used as a fuel in Aviation fuel, aviation as well as households. Its name derives from the Greek (''kērós'') meaning "wax"; it was registered as a trademark by Nova Scotian, Nova Scotia geologist and inventor Abraham Pineo Gesner, Abraham Gesner in 1854 before evolving into a generic trademark. It is sometimes spelled kerosine in scientific and industrial usage. Kerosene is widely used to power jet engines of aircraft (jet fuel), as well as some rocket engines in a highly refined form called RP-1. It is also commonly used as a cooking and lighting fuel, and for fire toys such as Poi (performance art)#Fire poi, poi. In parts of Asia, kerosene is sometimes used as fuel for small outboard motors or even motorcycles. World total kerosene consumption for all purposes is equivalent to about 5,500,000 barrels per day as of July 2023. The term "kerosene" is comm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Higher Alkanes
320px Higher alkanes are alkanes with a high number of carbon atoms. It is common jargon. One definition says higher alkanes are alkanes having nine or more carbon atoms. Thus, according to this definition, nonane is the lightest higher alkane. As pure substances, higher alkanes are rarely significant, but they are major components of useful lubricants and fuels. Synthesis The preparation of specific long-chain hydrocarbons typically involves manipulations of long chain precursors or the coupling of two medium-chain components. For the first case, fatty acids can be a source of higher alkanes via decarboxylation reaction. Such processes have been investigated as a route to biodiesel. Fatty acid esters and fatty acid nitriles react with long chain Grignard reagents to give, after suitable workup, long-chain ketones. The Wolff-Kishner Reaction provides a way to remove the ketone functionality, giving long-chain hydrocarbons. Even-numbered, long-chain hydrocarbons can a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jet Fuel
Jet fuel or aviation turbine fuel (ATF, also abbreviated avtur) is a type of aviation fuel designed for use in aircraft powered by Gas turbine, gas-turbine engines. It is colorless to straw-colored in appearance. The most commonly used fuels for commercial aviation are Jet A and Jet A-1, which are produced to a standardized international specification. The only other jet fuel commonly used in civilian turbine-engine powered aviation is Jet B, which is used for its enhanced cold-weather performance. Jet fuel is a mixture of a variety of hydrocarbons. Because the exact composition of jet fuel varies widely based on petroleum source, it is impossible to define jet fuel as a ratio of specific hydrocarbons. Jet fuel is therefore defined as a performance specification rather than a chemical compound. Furthermore, the range of molecular mass between hydrocarbons (or different carbon numbers) is defined by the requirements for the product, such as the freezing point or smoke point. Keros ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Laminar Flame Speed
Laminar flame speed is an intrinsic characteristic of premixed combustible mixtures. It is the speed at which an un-stretched laminar flame will propagate through a quiescent mixture of unburned reactants. Laminar flame speed is given the symbol ''s''L. According to the thermal flame theory of Ernest-François Mallard and Le Chatelier, the un-stretched laminar flame speed is dependent on only three properties of a chemical mixture: the thermal diffusivity of the mixture, the reaction rate of the mixture and the temperature through the flame zone: s_\mathrm^ = \sqrt \alpha is thermal diffusivity, \dot is reaction rate, and the temperature subscript u is for unburned, b is for burned and i is for ignition temperature. Laminar flame speed is a property of the mixture (fuel structure, stoichiometry) and thermodynamic conditions upon mixture ignition (pressure, temperature). Turbulent flame speed is a function of the aforementioned parameters, but also heavily depends on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fuel Surrogate
Fuel surrogates are mixtures of one or more simple fuels that are designed to emulate either the physical properties (vapor pressure) or combustion properties (laminar flame speed, heating value, etc.) of a more complex fuel. While surrogate mixtures can demonstrate more than one characteristic of the desired fuel, more often than not different components are required in order to emulate the wide variety of properties that are of interest to researchers. Jet fuel is an example of a fuel requiring a surrogate for experimental research and numerical modelling due to its complexity and high content variability from one batch to the next. Neat hydrocarbon jet fuel surrogate components include decane, dodecane, methylcyclohexane, and toluene. Gasoline surrogate components include n-heptane and iso-octane. Hexadecane is a diesel surrogate component. Biodiesel surrogate components include methyl butyrate Methyl butyrate, also known under the systematic name methyl butanoate, is the me ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enthalpy
Enthalpy () is the sum of a thermodynamic system's internal energy and the product of its pressure and volume. It is a state function in thermodynamics used in many measurements in chemical, biological, and physical systems at a constant external pressure, which is conveniently provided by the large ambient atmosphere. The pressure–volume term expresses the work (physics), work W that was done against constant external pressure P_\text to establish the system's physical dimensions from V_\text=0 to some final volume V_\text (as W=P_\text\Delta V), i.e. to make room for it by displacing its surroundings. The pressure-volume term is very small for solids and liquids at common conditions, and fairly small for gases. Therefore, enthalpy is a stand-in for energy in chemical systems; Bond energy, bond, Lattice energy, lattice, solvation, and other chemical "energies" are actually enthalpy differences. As a state function, enthalpy depends only on the final configuration of internal e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tridecane
Tridecane or ''n''-tridecane is an alkane with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)11CH3. Tridecane is a combustible colourless liquid. In industry, they have no specific value aside from being components of various fuels and solvents. In the research laboratory, tridecane is also used as a distillation chaser. Natural occurrence Nymphs of the southern green shield bug produce tridecane as a dispersion/aggregation pheromone, which possibly serves as a defense against predators. It is also the main component of the defensive fluid produced by the stink bug '' Cosmopepla bimaculata''. See also * Higher alkanes * List of isomers of tridecane References External links Material Safety Data Sheet for TridecanePhytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases {{alkanes Alkanes Hydrocarbon solvents ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tributyl Phosphate
Tributyl phosphate, known commonly as TBP, is an organophosphorus compound with the chemical formula (CH3CH2CH2CH2O)3PO. This colourless, odorless liquid finds some applications as an extractant and a plasticizer. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with ''n''-butanol. Production Tributyl phosphate is manufactured by reaction of phosphoryl chloride with ''n''-butanol. : POCl3 + 3 C4H9OH → PO(OC4H9)3 + 3 HCl Production is estimated at 3,000–5,000 tonnes worldwide. Use TBP is a solvent and plasticizer for cellulose esters such as nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate, similarly to tricresyl phosphate. It is also used as a flame retardant for cellulose fabrics such as cotton. It forms stable hydrophobic complexes with some metals; these complexes are soluble in organic solvents as well as supercritical CO2. The major uses of TBP in industry are as a component of aircraft hydraulic fluid, brake fluid, and as a solvent for extraction and purification of rare-earth ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
