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Phenanthrenoids
Phenanthrenoids are chemical compounds formed with a phenanthrene backbone. These compounds occur naturally in plants, although they can also be synthesized. Phenanthrols Phenanthrols are any of five isomeric phenols derived from phenanthrene ( 1-phenanthrol, 2-phenanthrol, 3-phenanthrol, 4-phenanthrol, 9-phenanthrol). These molecules can be biomarkers of smoking and/or PAH worker exposure. Chemistry Under UV irradiation, stilbene and its derivatives undergo intramolecular cyclization to form dihydrophenanthrenes. Natural occurrences Phenanthrenes have been reported from flowering plants, mainly in the family Orchidaceae, and a few in the families Dioscoreaceae, Combretaceae and Betulaceae, as well as in the lower plant class Marchantiophyta (liverworts). The rhizome of ''Dioscorea communis'' contains phenanthrenes ( 7-hydroxy-2,3,4,8-tetramethoxyphenanthrene, 2,3,4-trimethoxy-7,8-methylenedioxyphenanthrene, 3-hydroxy-2,4,-dimethoxy-7,8-methylenedioxyphenanthrene, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gymnopusin
Gymnopusin is a phenanthrenediol produced by the orchid '' Bulbophyllum gymnopus''. It is also found in '' Bulbophyllum reptans'' and '' Maxillaria densa''.Phytotoxicity and ultrastructural effects of gymnopusin from the orchid Maxillaria densa on duckweed (Lemna pausicostata) frond and root tissues. Valencia-Islas NA, Paul RN, Shier WT, Mata R and Abbas HK, Phytochemistry, 2002, volume 61, issue 2, pages 141-148, , References External links Gymnopusin at kanaya.naist.jp/knapsack_jsp Phenanthrenoids Orchids {{aromatic-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1-phenanthrol
1-Hydroxyphenanthrene is a phenanthrol and a human metabolite of phenanthrene that can be detected in urine of persons exposed to PAHs. It can also be used as a marker for PAH pollution measured in marine fish bile. The model fungus ''Cunninghamella elegans'' produces, in the case of the biodegradation of phenanthrene, a glucoside A glucoside is a glycoside that is chemically derived from glucose. Glucosides are common in plants, but rare in animals. Glucose is produced when a glucoside is hydrolysed by purely chemical means, or decomposed by fermentation or enzymes. Th ... conjugate of 1-hydroxyphenanthrene ( phenanthrene 1-O-beta-glucose). Relationship with smoking Highly significant differences and dose-response relationships with regard to cigarettes smoked per day were found for 2-, 3- and 4-hydroxyphenanthrene and 1-hydroxypyrene, but not for 1-hydroxyphenanthrene.Urinary monohydroxylated phenanthrenes and hydroxypyrene – the effects of smoking habits and ch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Juncus Acutus
''Juncus acutus'', the spiny rush, sharp rush or sharp-pointed rush, is a flowering plant in the monocot family Juncaceae. It is native to the Americas, Northern and Southern Africa, Western and Southern Europe and West Asia, and is found in a variety of wet habitats, such as bogs, fens, meadows, and salt marshes, and along the edges of ponds and lakes. The sharp-pointed rush is a perennial plant that grows to a height of about 60 to 100 centimeters (24 to 39 inches). It has slender, cylindrical stems with narrow, pointed leaves and clusters of small, light brown flowers that bloom in the summer. This species is important for a variety of reasons. It provides habitat and food for a range of wetland animals, including insects, birds, and mammals. It is also an important component of wetland ecosystems, helping to prevent soil erosion and maintain water quality. In some countries like Australia it is considered to be an invasive weed and the spines harmful to young children. In ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cymbidium
''Cymbidium'' , commonly known as boat orchids, is a genus of evergreen flowering plants in the orchid Family (biology), family Orchidaceae. Orchids in this genus are Epiphyte, epiphytic, Lithophyte, lithophytic, Terrestrial plant, terrestrial or rarely leafless Saprotrophic nutrition, saprophytic Herbaceous plant, herbs usually with pseudobulbs. There are usually between three and twelve leaves arranged in two ranks on each pseudobulb or shoot and lasting for several years. From one to a large number of flowers are arranged on an unbranched flowering stem arising from the base of the pseudobulb. The sepals and petals are all free from and similar to each other. The Labellum (botany), labellum is significantly different from the other petals and the sepals and has three lobes. There are about fifty-five species and sixteen further natural Hybrid (biology), hybrids occurring in the wild from Tropics, tropical and Subtropics, subtropical Asia to Australia. Cymbidiums are well known ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coelogyne
''Coelogyne'' is a genus of 594 species, which are sympodial epiphytes from the family Orchidaceae, distributed across India, China, Indonesia and the Fiji islands, with the main centers in Borneo, Sumatra and the Himalayas. They can be found from tropical lowland forests to montane rainforests. A few species grow as terrestrials or even as lithophytes in open, humid habitats. The genera ''Bolborchis'' Lindl., ''Hologyne'' Pfitzer and ''Ptychogyne'' Pfitzer are generally included here. The genus is abbreviated ''Coel.'' in trade journals. Description Vegetative characteristics ''Coelogyne'' are mostly epithytic, sympodial, pseudobulbous,Teoh, E.S. (2021)''Coelogyne'' Lindl..In: Orchid Species from Himalaya and Southeast Asia Vol. 1 (A - E). Springer, Cham. rhizomatous herbs with pendulous or creeping rhizomes''Coelogyne'' in Flora of China @ efloras.org. (n.d.). Retrieved January 19, 2025, from http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=107571 and thin roots. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bletilla
''Bletilla'', common name urn orchid, is a temperate, terrestrial genus of orchids containing five currently recognized species distributed through China, Japan, Taiwan, south to Vietnam, Thailand and Myanmar. The name is actually a diminutive of ''Bletia'' because of the resemblance between the two genera even though Bletia is a New World genus. The genera ''Jimensia'' Raf. and ''Polytoma'' Lour. ex are generally included into ''Bletilla''. This genus is abbreviated Ble in trade journals. The pseudobulbs resemble spreading corms which usually sit at ground level. Each pseudobulb generally bears several pleated leaves around long. The racemes of flowers emerge from the center of the years new growth before it is mature, during spring and early summer. The flowers vary in color from white to purple, and all species have four pollinia. The tubers resemble a horn or claw. They are grayish-white or yellowish-white in appearance, with concentric rings and brown rootlets. They ha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maxillaria
''Maxillaria'', abbreviated as Max in the horticultural trade, is a large genus of orchids (family Orchidaceae). This is a diverse genus, with very different morphological forms. Their characteristics can vary widely. They are commonly called spider orchids, flame orchids or tiger orchids. Their scientific name is derived from the Latin word ''maxilla'', meaning jawbone, reflecting on the column and the base of the lip of some species, that may evoke a protruding jaw. Description Their pseudobulbs are round or oblong and each carry one or two lanceolate leaves. Some grow close together in a clustered manner on a short rhizome, while in other species the pseudobulbs keep some distance on an elongate rhizome. This rhizome is clothed in a somewhat transparent, silvery-gray velamen. The flowers grow solitary on short stalks, called scapes, from the base of the pseudobulb. Most are small to very small, but some species carry large, showy flowers. The flowers are never long ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eria
''Eria'' is a genus of orchids with more than 50 species distributed in China, the Himalayas, the Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia, New Guinea, Polynesia, Melanesia and Micronesia. Species ''Eria'' species accepted by Plants of the World Online as of February 2021: *'' Eria albescens'' *''Eria aurantiaca'' *''Eria bancana'' *'' Eria berringtoniana'' *'' Eria bifalcis'' *''Eria bigibba'' *''Eria binabayensis'' *''Eria carolettae'' *''Eria chlorantha'' *''Eria clausa'' *''Eria compressoclavata'' *''Eria convallariopsis'' *'' Eria coronaria'' *''Eria curtisii'' *''Eria dayana'' *''Eria decipiens'' *'' Eria floribunda'' *'' Eria gagnepainii'' *'' Eria geboana'' *'' Eria genuflexa'' *'' Eria halconensis'' *'' Eria imbricata'' *'' Eria imitans'' *'' Eria imperatifolia'' *'' Eria javanica'' *'' Eria Jarensis'' *'' Eria kaniensis'' *'' Eria lactiflora'' *'' Eria micholitziana'' *'' Eria nepalensis'' *'' Eria oblonga'' *'' Eria odorifera'' *'' Eria pac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bulbophyllum
''Bulbophyllum'' is a genus of mostly Epiphyte, epiphytic and Lithophyte, lithophytic orchids in the Family (biology), family Orchidaceae. It is the largest genus in the orchid family and one of the List of the largest genera of flowering plants, largest genera of flowering plants with more than 2,000 species, exceeded in number only by ''Astragalus (plant), Astragalus''. These orchids are found in diverse habitats throughout most of the warmer parts of the world including Africa, southern Asia, Latin America, the West Indies, and various islands in the Indian Ocean, Indian and Pacific Oceans. Orchids in this genus have thread-like or fibrous roots that creep over the surface of trees or rocks or hang from branches. The stem is divided into a rhizome and a pseudobulb, a feature that distinguished this genus from ''Dendrobium''. There is usually only a single leaf at the top of the pseudobulb and from one to many flowers are arranged along an unbranched flowering stem that arises fr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dendrobium
''Dendrobium'' is a genus of mostly Epiphyte, epiphytic and Lithophyte, lithophytic orchids in the Family (biology), family Orchidaceae. It is a very large genus, containing more than 1,800 species that are found in diverse habitats throughout much of South Asia, south, East Asia, east and southeast Asia, including China, Japan, India, the Philippines, Indonesia, Australia, New Guinea, Vietnam and many of the islands of the Pacific Islands, Pacific. Orchids in this genus have roots that creep over the surface of trees or rocks, rarely having their roots in soil. Up to six leaves develop in a tuft at the tip of a shoot and from one to a large number of flowers are arranged along an unbranched flowering stem. Several attempts have been made to separate ''Dendrobium'' into smaller genera, but most have not been accepted by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Description ''Dendrobium'' species are mostly Epiphyte, epiphytic, or Lithophyte, lithophytic although a few spec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alseodaphne Perakensis
''Alseodaphne'' is a genus of plants in the family Lauraceae, endemic to China and Southeast Asia. The genus has 96 species of evergreen trees to shrubs. They have bisexual flowers, a fruit stalk that is red, green, or yellow, and black fruit.''Alseodaphne''. Flora of China. Species 53 species are currently accepted. They are listed here alphabetically withauthor
In legal discourse, an author is the creator of an original work that has been published, whether that work exists in written, graphic, visual, or recorded form. The act of creating such a work is referred to as authorship. Therefore, a sculpt ... a ...
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