|
PFU BlueCats Players
''Pfu'' DNA polymerase is an enzyme found in the hyperthermophilic archaeon ''Pyrococcus furiosus'', where it functions to copy the organism's DNA during cell division (thermostable DNA polymerase). In the laboratory setting, ''Pfu'' is used to amplify DNA in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), where the enzyme serves the central function of copying a new strand of DNA during each extension step. It is a family B DNA polymerase. It has an RNase H-like 3'-5' exonuclease domain, typical of B-family polymerase such as DNA polymerase II. Proofreading ability of ''Pfu'' polymerase ''Pfu'' DNA polymerase has superior thermostability and proofreading properties compared with ''Taq'' DNA polymerase. Unlike ''Taq'' DNA polymerase, ''Pfu'' DNA polymerase possesses 3' to 5' exonuclease proofreading activity, meaning that as the DNA is assembled from the 5' end to 3' end, the exonuclease activity immediately removes nucleotides misincorporated at the 3' end of the growing DNA strand. C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pfu Polymerase Ribbon Diagram
''Pfu'' DNA polymerase is an enzyme found in the hyperthermophilic archaeon '' Pyrococcus furiosus'', where it functions to copy the organism's DNA during cell division (thermostable DNA polymerase). In the laboratory setting, ''Pfu'' is used to amplify DNA in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), where the enzyme serves the central function of copying a new strand of DNA during each extension step. It is a family B DNA polymerase. It has an RNase H-like 3'-5' exonuclease domain, typical of B-family polymerase such as DNA polymerase II. Proofreading ability of ''Pfu'' polymerase ''Pfu'' DNA polymerase has superior thermostability and proofreading properties compared with ''Taq'' DNA polymerase. Unlike ''Taq'' DNA polymerase, ''Pfu'' DNA polymerase possesses 3' to 5' exonuclease proofreading activity, meaning that as the DNA is assembled from the 5' end to 3' end, the exonuclease activity immediately removes nucleotides misincorporated at the 3' end of the growing DNA strand. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
5' End
Directionality, in molecular biology and biochemistry, is the end-to-end chemical orientation of a single strand of nucleic acid. In a single strand of DNA or RNA, the chemical convention of naming carbon atoms in the nucleotide pentose-sugar-ring means that there will be a 5′ end (usually pronounced "five-prime end"), which frequently contains a phosphate group attached to the 5′ carbon of the ribose ring, and a 3′ end (usually pronounced "three-prime end"), which typically is unmodified from the ribose -OH substituent. In a DNA double helix, the strands run in opposite directions to permit base pairing between them, which is essential for replication or transcription of the encoded information. Nucleic acids can only be synthesized in vivo in the 5′-to-3′ direction, as the polymerases that assemble various types of new strands generally rely on the energy produced by breaking nucleoside triphosphate bonds to attach new nucleoside monophosphates to th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
DNA Replication
In molecular biology, DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule. DNA replication occurs in all life, living organisms, acting as the most essential part of heredity, biological inheritance. This is essential for cell division during growth and repair of damaged tissues, while it also ensures that each of the new cells receives its own copy of the DNA. The cell possesses the distinctive property of division, which makes replication of DNA essential. DNA is made up of a nucleic acid double helix, double helix of two Complementary DNA, complementary DNA strand, strands. DNA is often called double helix. The double helix describes the appearance of a double-stranded DNA which is composed of two linear strands that run opposite to each other and twist together. During replication, these strands are separated. Each strand of the original DNA molecule then serves as a template for the production of its counterpart, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pwo DNA Polymerase
Pwo polymerase is a thermostable DNA polymerase used for the polymerase chain reaction. The abbreviation stands for ''Pyrococcus woesei'', a thermophilic archaeon, from which this polymerase was isolated. This polymerase breaks when reaching erroneous uracil Uracil () (nucleoside#List of nucleosides and corresponding nucleobases, symbol U or Ura) is one of the four nucleotide bases in the nucleic acid RNA. The others are adenine (A), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). In RNA, uracil binds to adenine via ... in DNA from the chain extension and, through this readahead function, fewer defective DNA clones are synthesized. It is used much less than the usual Taq or Pfu polymerases. This DNA polymerase, similar to other DNA polymerases from Archaebacteria is sensitive to Uracil residues in DNA and is strongly inhibited by dUTP or uracil residues in DNA. Other polymerases in this class are Pfu, Vent, Deep Vent and Pfx. The inhibition of this class of thermostable DNA polymerases limit t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
La Jolla, California
La Jolla ( , ) is a hilly, seaside neighborhood in San Diego, California, occupying of curving coastline along the Pacific Ocean. The population reported in the 2010 census was 46,781. The climate is mild, with an average daily temperature of . La Jolla is surrounded on three sides by ocean bluffs and beaches and is located north of downtown San Diego and south of the Orange County, California, Orange County line. The neighborhood's border starts at Pacific Beach, San Diego, Pacific Beach to the south and extends along the Pacific Ocean shoreline north to include Torrey Pines State Natural Reserve ending at Del Mar, California, Del Mar. La Jolla is home to many educational institutions and a variety of businesses in the areas of lodging, dining, shopping, software, finance, real estate, bioengineering, medical practice and scientific research. The University of California, San Diego is located in La Jolla, as is Birch Aquarium, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Scripps ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taq Polymerase
''Taq'' polymerase is a thermostable DNA polymerase I named after the thermophilic eubacterial microorganism ''Thermus aquaticus,'' from which it was originally isolated by master's student Alice Chien et al. in 1976. Its name is often abbreviated to ''Taq'' or ''Taq'' pol. It is frequently used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a method for greatly amplifying the quantity of short segments of DNA. ''T. aquaticus'' is a bacterium that lives in hot springs and hydrothermal vents, and ''Taq'' polymerase was identified as an enzyme able to withstand the protein-denaturing conditions (high temperature) required during PCR. Therefore, it replaced the DNA polymerase from '' E. coli'' originally used in PCR. Enzymatic properties ''Taqs optimum temperature for activity is 75–80 °C, with a half-life of greater than 2 hours at 92.5 °C, 40 minutes at 95 °C and 9 minutes at 97.5 °C, and can replicate a 1000 base pair strand of DNA in less than 10 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nucleotides
Nucleotides are Organic compound, organic molecules composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and a phosphate. They serve as monomeric units of the nucleic acid polymers – deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), both of which are essential biomolecules within all Life, life-forms on Earth. Nucleotides are obtained in the diet and are also synthesized from common Nutrient, nutrients by the liver. Nucleotides are composed of three subunit molecules: a nucleobase, a pentose, five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and a phosphate group consisting of one to three phosphates. The four nucleobases in DNA are guanine, adenine, cytosine, and thymine; in RNA, uracil is used in place of thymine. Nucleotides also play a central role in metabolism at a fundamental, cellular level. They provide chemical energy—in the form of the nucleoside triphosphates, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), guanosine triphosphate (GTP), cytidine triphosphate (CTP), and uridine triph ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
3' End
Directionality, in molecular biology and biochemistry, is the end-to-end chemical orientation of a single strand of nucleic acid. In a single strand of DNA or RNA, the chemical convention of naming carbon atoms in the nucleotide pentose-sugar-ring means that there will be a 5′ end (usually pronounced "five-prime end"), which frequently contains a phosphate group attached to the 5′ carbon of the ribose ring, and a 3′ end (usually pronounced "three-prime end"), which typically is unmodified from the ribose -OH substituent. In a DNA double helix, the strands run in opposite directions to permit base pairing between them, which is essential for replication or transcription of the encoded information. Nucleic acids can only be synthesized in vivo in the 5′-to-3′ direction, as the polymerases that assemble various types of new strands generally rely on the energy produced by breaking nucleoside triphosphate bonds to attach new nucleoside monophosphates to the 3′- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Exonuclease
Exonucleases are enzymes that work by cleaving nucleotides one at a time from the end (exo) of a polynucleotide chain. A hydrolyzing reaction that breaks phosphodiester bonds at either the 3′ or the 5′ end occurs. Its close relative is the endonuclease, which cleaves phosphodiester bonds in the middle (endo) of a polynucleotide chain. Eukaryotes and prokaryotes have three types of exonucleases involved in the normal turnover of mRNA: 5′ to 3′ exonuclease (Xrn1), which is a dependent decapping protein; 3′ to 5′ exonuclease, an independent protein; and poly(A)-specific 3′ to 5′ exonuclease. In both archaea and eukaryotes, one of the main routes of RNA degradation is performed by the multi-protein exosome complex, which consists largely of 3′ to 5′ exoribonucleases. Significance to polymerase RNA polymerase II is known to be in effect during transcriptional termination; it works with a 5' exonuclease (human gene Xrn2) to degrade the newly formed transcr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Archaeon
Archaea ( ) is a domain of organisms. Traditionally, Archaea only included its prokaryotic members, but this has since been found to be paraphyletic, as eukaryotes are known to have evolved from archaea. Even though the domain Archaea cladistically includes eukaryotes, the term "archaea" (: archaeon , from the Greek "ἀρχαῖον", which means ancient) in English still generally refers specifically to prokaryotic members of Archaea. Archaea were initially classified as bacteria, receiving the name archaebacteria (, in the Archaebacteria kingdom), but this term has fallen out of use. Archaeal cells have unique properties separating them from Bacteria and Eukaryota. Archaea are further divided into multiple recognized phyla. Classification is difficult because most have not been isolated in a laboratory and have been detected only by their gene sequences in environmental samples. It is unknown if they can produce endospores. Archaea are often similar to bacteria in size ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taq DNA Polymerase
''Taq'' polymerase is a thermostable DNA polymerase I named after the thermophilic eubacterial microorganism ''Thermus aquaticus,'' from which it was originally isolated by master's student Alice Chien et al. in 1976. Its name is often abbreviated to ''Taq'' or ''Taq'' pol. It is frequently used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a method for greatly amplifying the quantity of short segments of DNA. ''T. aquaticus'' is a bacterium that lives in hot springs and hydrothermal vents, and ''Taq'' polymerase was identified as an enzyme able to withstand the protein-denaturing conditions (high temperature) required during PCR. Therefore, it replaced the DNA polymerase from ''E. coli'' originally used in PCR. Enzymatic properties ''Taqs optimum temperature for activity is 75–80 °C, with a half-life of greater than 2 hours at 92.5 °C, 40 minutes at 95 °C and 9 minutes at 97.5 °C, and can replicate a 1000 base pair strand of DNA in less than 10 sec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
DNA Polymerase II
DNA polymerase II (also known as DNA Pol II or Pol II) is a prokaryote, prokaryotic DNA-dependent DNA polymerase encoded by the PolB gene. DNA Polymerase II is an 89.9-kDa protein and is a member of the B family of DNA polymerases. It was originally isolated by Thomas Kornberg in 1970, and characterized over the next few years. The ''in vivo'' functionality of Pol II is under debate, yet consensus shows that Pol II is primarily involved as a backup enzyme in prokaryotic DNA replication. The enzyme has 5′→3′ DNA synthesis capability as well as 3′→5′ exonuclease proofreading activity. DNA Pol II interacts with multiple binding partners common with DNA Pol III in order to enhance its fidelity and processivity. Discovery DNA polymerase I was the first DNA-directed DNA polymerase to be isolated from ''E. coli''. Several studies involving this isolated enzyme indicated that DNA pol I was most likely involved in repair replication and was not the main replicative polymera ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
