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Curvilinear Perspective
Curvilinear perspective, also five-point perspective, is a graphical projection used to draw 3D objects on 2D surfaces, for which (straight) lines on the 3D object are projected to curves on the 2D surface that are typically not straight (hence the qualifier "curvilinear"). It was formally codified in 1968 by the artists and art historians André Barre and Albert Flocon in the book ''La Perspective curviligne'',Albert Flocon and André Barre, ''La Perspective curviligne'', Flammarion, Éditeur, Paris, 1968 which was translated into English in 1987 as ''Curvilinear Perspective: From Visual Space to the Constructed Image'' and published by the University of California Press.Albert Flocon and André Barre, ''Curvilinear Perspective: From Visual Space to the Constructed Image'', (Robert Hansen, translator), University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, 1987 Curvilinear perspective is sometimes colloquially called fisheye perspective, by analogy to a fisheye ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Barrel Distortion
In geometric optics, distortion is a deviation from rectilinear projection; a projection in which straight lines in a scene remain straight in an image. It is a form of optical aberration that may be distinguished from other aberrations such as spherical aberration, coma, chromatic aberration, field curvature, and astigmatism in a sense that these impact the image sharpness without changing an object shape or structure in the image (e.g., a straight line in an object is still a straight line in the image although the image sharpness may be degraded by the mentioned aberrations) while distortion can change the object structure in the image (so named as distortion). Radial distortion Although distortion can be irregular or follow many patterns, the most commonly encountered distortions are radially symmetric, or approximately so, arising from the symmetry of a photographic lens. These ''radial distortions'' can usually be classified as either ''barrel'' distortions or ''pincus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carel Fabritius
Carel Pietersz. Fabritius (; bapt. 27 February 1622 – 12 October 1654) was a Dutch painter. He was a pupil of Rembrandt and worked in his studio in Amsterdam. Fabritius, who was a member of the Delft School, developed his own artistic style and experimented with perspective and lighting. Among his works are '' A View of Delft'' (1652; National Gallery, London), '' The Goldfinch'' (1654), and '' The Sentry'' (1654). Biography Carel Pietersz. Fabritius was born in February 1622 in Middenbeemster, a village in the ten-year-old Beemster polder in the Dutch Republic, and was baptized on 27 February of that year.Carel Fabritius Netherlands Institute for Art History. Retrieved on 21 August 2014. He was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mathematics And Art
Mathematics and art are related in a variety of ways. Mathematics has itself been described as an art mathematical beauty, motivated by beauty. Mathematics can be discerned in arts such as Music and mathematics, music, dance, painting, Mathematics and architecture, architecture, sculpture, and Mathematics and fiber arts, textiles. This article focuses, however, on mathematics in the visual arts. Mathematics and art have a long historical relationship. List of mathematical artists, Artists have used mathematics since the 4th century BC when the Greek sculpture, sculptor Polykleitos wrote Polykleitos#Canon of Polykleitos, his ''Canon'', prescribing proportions Polykleitos#Conjectured reconstruction, conjectured to have been based on the ratio 1: for the ideal male nude. Persistent popular claims have been made for the use of the golden ratio in ancient art and architecture, without reliable evidence. In the Italian Renaissance, Luca Pacioli wrote the influential treatise ''De div ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Perspective (graphical)
Linear or point-projection perspective () is one of two types of graphical projection perspective in the graphic arts; the other is parallel projection. Linear perspective is an approximate representation, generally on a flat surface, of an image as it is seen by the eye. Perspective drawing is useful for representing a three-dimensional scene in a two-dimensional medium, like paper. It is based on the optical fact that for a person an object looks N times (linearly) smaller if it has been moved N times further from the eye than the original distance was. The most characteristic features of linear perspective are that objects appear smaller as their distance from the observer increases, and that they are subject to , meaning that an object's dimensions parallel to the line of sight appear shorter than its dimensions perpendicular to the line of sight. All objects will recede to points in the distance, usually along the horizon line, but also above and below the horiz ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Graphical Projection
A 3D projection (or graphical projection) is a design technique used to display a three-dimensional (3D) object on a two-dimensional (2D) surface. These projections rely on visual perspective and aspect analysis to project a complex object for viewing capability on a simpler plane. 3D projections use the primary qualities of an object's basic shape to create a map of points, that are then connected to one another to create a visual element. The result is a graphic that contains conceptual properties to interpret the figure or image as not actually flat (2D), but rather, as a solid object (3D) being viewed on a 2D display. 3D objects are largely displayed on two-dimensional mediums (such as paper and computer monitors). As such, graphical projections are a commonly used design element; notably, in engineering drawing, drafting, and computer graphics. Projections can be calculated through employment of mathematical analysis and formulae, or by using various geometric and op ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jean Fouquet
Jean (or Jehan) Fouquet (; – 1481) was a French painter and miniaturist. A master of panel painting and manuscript illumination, and the apparent inventor of the portrait miniature, he is considered one of the most important painters from the period between the late Gothic and early Renaissance. He was the first French artist to travel to Italy and experience first-hand the early Italian Renaissance. Little is known of Fouquet's early life and education. Though long assumed to have been an apprentice of the so-called Bedford Master of Paris it is now suggested that he may have studied under the Jouvenal Master in Nantes, whose works were formerly assumed to be early works by Fouquet. Sometime between 1445 and 1447 he travelled to Italy, where he came under the influence of Roman Quattrocento artists such as Fra Angelico and Filarete. During the 1450s he began working at the French court, where he counted kings Charles VII and his successor Louis XI among his many patron ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Convex Mirror
A curved mirror is a mirror with a curved reflecting surface. The surface may be either ''convex'' (bulging outward) or ''concave'' (recessed inward). Most curved mirrors have surfaces that are shaped like part of a sphere, but other shapes are sometimes used in optical devices. The most common non-spherical type are parabolic reflectors, found in optical devices such as reflecting telescopes that need to image distant objects, since spherical mirror systems, like spherical lenses, suffer from spherical aberration. Distorting mirrors are used for entertainment. They have convex and concave regions that produce deliberately distorted images. They also provide highly magnified or highly diminished (smaller) images when the object is placed at certain distances. Convex mirrors are often used for security and safety in shops and parking lots. Convex mirrors A convex mirror or diverging mirror is a curved mirror in which the reflective surface bulges towards the light source. Con ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cartesian Coordinates
In geometry, a Cartesian coordinate system (, ) in a plane is a coordinate system that specifies each point uniquely by a pair of real numbers called ''coordinates'', which are the signed distances to the point from two fixed perpendicular oriented lines, called '' coordinate lines'', ''coordinate axes'' or just ''axes'' (plural of ''axis'') of the system. The point where the axes meet is called the '' origin'' and has as coordinates. The axes directions represent an orthogonal basis. The combination of origin and basis forms a coordinate frame called the Cartesian frame. Similarly, the position of any point in three-dimensional space can be specified by three ''Cartesian coordinates'', which are the signed distances from the point to three mutually perpendicular planes. More generally, Cartesian coordinates specify the point in an -dimensional Euclidean space for any dimension . These coordinates are the signed distances from the point to mutually perpendicular fixed h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fisheye Lens
A fisheye lens is an ultra wide angle lens, ultra wide-angle lens that produces strong Distortion (optics), visual distortion intended to create a wide panorama, panoramic or Sphere#Hemisphere, hemispherical image. Fisheye lenses achieve extremely wide angle of view, angles of view, well beyond any rectilinear lens. Instead of producing images with straight lines of perspective (rectilinear lens, rectilinear images), fisheye lenses use a special mapping ("distortion"; for example: Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection, equisolid angle, see below), which gives images a characteristic convex non-rectilinear appearance. The term ''fisheye'' was coined in 1906 by American physicist and inventor Robert W. Wood based on how a fish would see an ultrawide hemispherical view from beneath the water (a phenomenon known as Snell's window). Their first practical use was in the 1920s for use in meteorology to study cloud formation giving them the name ''whole-sky lenses''. The angle of view ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vanishing Point
A vanishing point is a point (geometry), point on the projection plane, image plane of a graphical perspective, perspective rendering where the two-dimensional perspective projections of parallel (geometry), parallel lines in three-dimensional space appear to converge. When the set of parallel lines is perpendicular to a picture plane, the construction is known as one-point perspective, and their vanishing point corresponds to the station point, oculus, or "eye point", from which the image should be viewed for correct perspective geometry.Kirsti Andersen (2007) ''Geometry of an Art'', p. xxx, Springer, Traditional linear drawings use objects with one to three sets of parallels, defining one to three vanishing points. Italian Renaissance humanism, humanist polymath and architect Leon Battista Alberti first introduced the concept in his treatise on perspective in art, ''De pictura'', written in 1435. Straight Track geometry, railroad tracks are a familiar modern example. Vector ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Linear Perspective
Linear or point-projection perspective () is one of two types of graphical projection perspective in the graphic arts; the other is parallel projection. Linear perspective is an approximate representation, generally on a flat surface, of an image as it is seen by the eye. Perspective drawing is useful for representing a three-dimensional scene in a two-dimensional medium, like paper. It is based on the optical fact that for a person an object looks N times (linearly) smaller if it has been moved N times further from the eye than the original distance was. The most characteristic features of linear perspective are that objects appear smaller as their distance from the observer increases, and that they are subject to , meaning that an object's dimensions parallel to the line of sight appear shorter than its dimensions perpendicular to the line of sight. All objects will recede to points in the distance, usually along the horizon line, but also above and below the horizo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rectilinear Grid
A regular grid is a tessellation of ''n''-dimensional Euclidean space by congruent parallelotopes (e.g. bricks). Its opposite is irregular grid. Grids of this type appear on graph paper and may be used in finite element analysis, finite volume methods, finite difference methods, and in general for discretization of parameter spaces. Since the derivatives of field variables can be conveniently expressed as finite differences, structured grids mainly appear in finite difference methods. Unstructured grids offer more flexibility than structured grids and hence are very useful in finite element and finite volume methods. Each cell in the grid can be addressed by index (i, j) in two dimensions or (i, j, k) in three dimensions, and each vertex has coordinates (i\cdot dx, j\cdot dy) in 2D or (i\cdot dx, j\cdot dy, k\cdot dz) in 3D for some real numbers ''dx'', ''dy'', and ''dz'' representing the grid spacing. Related grids A Cartesian grid is a special case where the elements are un ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
