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Ctenophryne
''Ctenophryne'' is a genus of microhylid The Microhylidae, commonly known as narrow-mouthed frogs, are a geographically widespread family (biology), family of frogs. The 683 species are in 63 genera and 11 subfamilies, which is the largest number of genera of any frog family. Evolution ... frogs. They occur in southern Central America (Costa Rica, Panama) and South America. Their common names are egg frogs and Nelson frogs, the latter applying to species in the formerly recognized ''Nelsonophryne''. Taxonomy and systematics As of 2017, ''Ctenophryne'' includes two other genera, ''Nelsonophryne'' and ''Melanophryne'', in Synonym (taxonomy), synonymy. The latter might represent valid genera, but molecular analyses could not resolve their relationships in a robust way. Placing ''Nelsonophryne'' and ''Melanophryne'' in the synonymy of ''Ctenophryne'' is an interim measure that avoids paraphyly, until new data might resolve the relationships. When ''Ctenophryne'' is defined this w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ctenophryne Geayi
''Ctenophryne geayi'' (common name: brown egg frog, es, sapito apuntado de Geay) is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is widely distributed in the northern parts of South America, in the Guianas ( Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana) and in the Amazon Basin in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia , image_flag = Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg , flag_alt = Horizontal tricolor (red, yellow, and green from top to bottom) with the coat of arms of Bolivia in the center , flag_alt2 = 7 × 7 square p ..., and Brazil. It might actually represent two species. Description Adult males measure and adult females in snout–vent length. The body is rotund, and the head is narrower than the body. The snout is blunt from above and rounded, slightly projecting in profile. The Tympanum (anatomy), tympanic ring is barely visible externally. The fingers have rounded tips. The toes have flattened tips and webbing that is more ex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ctenophryne Minor
''Ctenophryne minor'' is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is endemic to Colombia and only known from its type locality in the upper Río Saija drainage, Cauca Department. Common name Colombian egg frog has been coined for it. Description The type series consists of one subadult female that measures in snout–vent length. The head is relatively narrow, barely narrower than the body. The snout is essentially rounded with slight indication of a blunt point when seen above and rounded and slightly projecting in lateral view. The canthus rostralis is rounded. The eyes are relatively small. There is no external sign of tympanum. The finger tips are rounded. The toes have flattened tips and are basally to one-half webbed. The coloration is grayish brown dorsally and black laterally, with a pinkish line that extends from the groin to above the eye and onto the canthus rostralis separating them. The dorsum has a few, scattered blotches of paler brown, a few scattered w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ctenophryne Carpish
''Ctenophryne carpish'' is a rare and little-known species of microhylid frogs endemic to Peru. It is known from its type locality on the Cordillera de Carpish, Huánuco, and from near Juanjuí in the San Martín Region. It lacks eardrums, and at a cursory glance it resembles leptodactylid frogs of the genus ''Phrynopus'', in which it was initially placed. Habitat and conservation Male ''Ctenophryne carpish'' measure (based on a single specimen) and females in snout–vent length. The body is stout and the head is short. The eyes are large. The tympanum is absent, as is tympanic annulus and stapes. Dorsal skin is smooth in females but finely areolate in males. The dorsum is black with green blotches. The venter is black but there are orange blotches on throat and chest. The tips of digits are slightly swollen. The toes have basal webbing and lateral fringes. Habitat and conservation Natural habitat of ''Ctenophryne carpish'' is cloud forest at elevations of above sea lev ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ctenophryne Aterrima
''Ctenophryne aterrima'' (common name: Costa Rica Nelson frog, reflecting its earlier placement in ''Nelsonophryne'') is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is found in northwestern Ecuador, the Andes of Colombia, and lowland and premontane zones of Panama and Costa Rica to about above sea level. Description ''Ctenophryne aterrima'' are very robust-bodied frogs with short limbs and a small, pointed head. They are moderately sized, with males growing to and females to in snout–vent length. The skin of the dorsum is smooth and uniformly black to very dark grey in color; the ventral surface is dark brown. The eye is black. Habitat and conservation ''Ctenophryne aterrima'' is a secretive and nocturnal leaf-litter species that is rarely seen. Its natural habitats are humid lowland and montane forests. Adults can be found under fallen logs and other debris. They breed in swamps and shallow pools on the forest floor. The species is not threatened, but habitat loss ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ctenophryne Barbatula
''Ctenophryne barbatula'' is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is endemic to Peru and only known from the Yanachaga–Chemillén National Park, its type locality in the Pasco Region. The specific name ''barbatula'' is the diminutive of the Latin ''barbatus'', meaning "bearded". It refers to the beard-like spines under the lower jaw of males. Description Adult males measure and adult females in snout–vent length. The head is nearly as broad as the body. The snout is truncate. The eyes are relatively large. The supra-tympanic fold is moderate. Males have white spines in most parts of the body while females have spines only in the region of tympanum (tympanic annulus and tympanic membrane are absent). The dorsum and venter of preserved specimens are uniform brown and lack pattern; the color of live individuals is not known. The fingers and toes have rounded tips; the toes have basal webbing. Habitat and conservation ''Ctenophryne barbatula'' inhabits forested ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ctenophryne Aequatorialis
''Ctenophryne aequatorialis'' (common name: Cuenca Nelson frog, reflecting its earlier placement in ''Nelsonophryne'') is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is endemic to the Andes of Ecuador and known from the Cuenca basin in Azuay Province southward to Saraguro Canton (northern Loja Province) at elevations of asl. Description Males measure about and females in snout–vent length. The dorsum has characteristic pattern of dark patches. The toes have basal webbing. Habitat and conservation The species inhabits pastures, grassland, agricultural fields, and degraded secondary habitats. They have been collected close to small pools. Eggs are laid in small pools. The tadpoles reach metamorphosis after three months. In Ecuador it is considered "endangered" because of its relatively small range, few known and presumably fragmented populations, and presumed decline in abundance. It might be present in the El Cajas National Park El Cajas National Park or Cajas N ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gastrophryninae
The Microhylidae, commonly known as narrow-mouthed frogs, are a geographically widespread family of frogs. The 683 species are in 63 genera and 11 subfamilies, which is the largest number of genera of any frog family. Evolution A molecular phylogenetic study by van der Meijden, et al. (2007) has estimated the initial internal divergence of the family Microhylidae to have taken place about 66 million years ago, or immediately after the Cretaceous extinction event. The most recent common ancestor of the Microhylidae and their closest ranoid relatives is estimated to have lived 116 million years ago in Gondwana. Description As suggested by their name, microhylids are mostly small frogs. Many species are below in length, although some species are as large as . They can be arboreal or terrestrial, and some even live close to water. The ground-dwellers are often found under leaf litter within forests, occasionally venturing out at night to hunt. The two main shapes for the microhylid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paraphyly
In taxonomy (general), taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's most recent common ancestor, last common ancestor and most of its descendants, excluding a few Monophyly, monophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be paraphyletic ''with respect to'' the excluded subgroups. In contrast, a monophyletic group (a clade) includes a common ancestor and ''all'' of its descendants. The terms are commonly used in phylogenetics (a subfield of biology) and in the tree model of historical linguistics. Paraphyletic groups are identified by a combination of Synapomorphy and apomorphy, synapomorphies and symplesiomorphy, symplesiomorphies. If many subgroups are missing from the named group, it is said to be polyparaphyletic. The term was coined by Willi Hennig to apply to well-known taxa like Reptilia (reptiles) which, as commonly named and traditionally defined, is paraphyletic with respect to mammals and birds. Reptilia contains the last common ancestor of reptiles a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monophyletic
In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic groups are typically characterised by shared derived characteristics ( synapomorphies), which distinguish organisms in the clade from other organisms. An equivalent term is holophyly. The word "mono-phyly" means "one-tribe" in Greek. Monophyly is contrasted with paraphyly and polyphyly as shown in the second diagram. A ''paraphyletic group'' consists of all of the descendants of a common ancestor minus one or more monophyletic groups. A '' polyphyletic group'' is characterized by convergent features or habits of scientific interest (for example, night-active primates, fruit trees, aquatic insects). The features by which a polyphyletic group is differentiated from others are not inherited from a common ancestor. These definitions have t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sister Group
In phylogenetics, a sister group or sister taxon, also called an adelphotaxon, comprises the closest relative(s) of another given unit in an evolutionary tree. Definition The expression is most easily illustrated by a cladogram: Taxon A and taxon B are sister groups to each other. Taxa A and B, together with any other extant or extinct descendants of their most recent common ancestor (MRCA), form a monophyletic group, the clade AB. Clade AB and taxon C are also sister groups. Taxa A, B, and C, together with all other descendants of their MRCA form the clade ABC. The whole clade ABC is itself a subtree of a larger tree which offers yet more sister group relationships, both among the leaves and among larger, more deeply rooted clades. The tree structure shown connects through its root to the rest of the universal tree of life. In cladistic standards, taxa A, B, and C may represent specimens, species, genera, or any other taxonomic units. If A and B are at the same ta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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