Critique And Crisis

	Critique And Crisis ''Critique and Crisis'' is the title of the dissertation by the historian Reinhart Koselleck (1923–2006) from 1954 at the University of Heidelberg. In the 1959 book edition, it was initially subtitled ''A contribution to the pathogenesis of the bourgeois world'', and later ''A study on the pathogenesis of the bourgeois world''. In this work, Koselleck subjected the Age of Enlightenment, Enlightenment and its philosophy of history to a critical appraisal influenced by the authoritarian idea of the state of his early mentor Carl Schmitt. With this, he intended to expose the (seemingly) humanistic-universal theorems of the Enlightenment as "hypocrisy, hypocritical" fighting concepts. In misjudging the peace function of the Absolutism (European history), absolutist state in the religious wars of the 17th and 18th centuries, they had undermined its foundations. The elites of the bourgeoisie, who had risen under the protection of absolutism, had triggered a state crisis with their ''enli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Reinhart Koselleck Reinhart Koselleck (23 April 1923 – 4 February 2006) was a German historian. He is widely considered to be one of the most important historians of the 20th century. He occupied a distinctive position within history, working outside of any pre-established 'school', while making pioneering contributions to conceptual history (Begriffsgeschichte), the epistemology of history, linguistics, the foundations of anthropology of history and social history, and the history of law and government. Biography Koselleck volunteered to serve as a German soldier during World War II, having previously joined the Hitler Youth, the youth organisation of the German Nazi Party. In May 1945 he was captured by the Soviet Army and subsequently sent for debris removal to the Auschwitz concentration camp before being transported to Kazakhstan, where he was held as a prisoner of war for 15 months until being repatriated to Germany on medical grounds. He claimed that his personal experiences during the wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Nicolaus Sombart Nicolaus Sombart (10 May 1923 – 4 July 2008) was a German cultural sociologist, historian and writer. The son of Werner Sombart and his Romanian wife Corina Leon, Sombart was known, in particular, as an analyst of Wilhelmine Germany and a critique of Carl Schmitt. For nearly 30 years, Sombart benefited from an appointment as senior cultural civil servant attached to the Council of Europe in Strasbourg, while also continuing his career as a writer and academic, principally in Berlin at the Freie Universität. Sombart's daughter is the classical pianist Elizabeth Sombart Elizabeth Sombart is a French classical pianist. In her youth she studied at the Strasbourg Conservatory where her first public performance was at the age of 11. She won first prize in National Piano Awards and Chamber Music Awards, and left Fr .... Bibliography Works in German * ''Capriccio Nr. 1: Des Wachsoldaten Irrungen und Untergang'', Siegel-Verlag, Frankfurt 1947; Elster-Verlag, Baden-Baden/Züric ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Richard Simon (theologian) Richard Simon may refer to: * Richard Simon (priest) (1638–1712), French priest, Oratorian and biblical critic * Richard Simon (painter) (1898–1993), German expressionist * Richard L. Simon (1899–1960), American businessman and co-founder of the publishing house Simon & Schuster * Dick Simon Richard Raymond Simon (born September 21, 1933) is an American former auto racing driver and racing team owner. Simon drove American open-wheel car racing, Indy cars in United States Auto Club, USAC and Championship Auto Racing Teams, CART, and ... (born 1933), American racing driver {{hndis, Simon, Richard ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Biblical Exegesis Biblical studies is the academic application of a set of diverse disciplines to the study of the Bible, with ''Bible'' referring to the books of the canonical Hebrew Bible in mainstream Jewish usage and the Christian Bible including the canonical Old Testament and New Testament, respectively.''Introduction to Biblical Studies, Second Edition'' by Steve Moyise (Oct 27, 2004) pages 11–12 For its theory and methods, the field draws on disciplines ranging from ancient history, historical criticism, philology, theology, textual criticism, literary criticism, historical backgrounds, mythology, and comparative religion. Definition The ''Oxford Handbook of Biblical Studies'' defines the field as a set of various, and in some cases independent disciplines for the study of the collection of ancient texts generally known as the Bible.''The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Studies'' by J. W. Rogerson and Judith M. Lieu (May 18, 2006) page xvii These disciplines include but are not limi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Res Publica Literaria Res or RES may refer to: Sciences Computing Russian and Eurasian Security Network Spanish Supercomputing Network (''Red Española de Supercomputación'') Energy RES - The School for Renewable Energy Science US Renewable Electricity Standard Renewable Energy Systems, a UK company Mathematics Residue (complex analysis) function Medicine * Reticuloendothelial system, in anatomy Archaeology * Répertoire d'Épigraphie Sémitique, a journal publishing Semitic language inscriptions Latin word meaning "thing" Entity (other) Object (philosophy) The first word of several Latin phrases: ''Res divina'' (''service of the gods'') '' Res cogitans'', Descartes' mental world ''Res communis'', a thing that is owned in common ''Res extensa'', Descartes' physical world ''Res gestae'' (''Things done'') '' Res inter alios acta'' (''A thing done between others'') ''Res ipsa loquitur'' (''The thing speaks for itself'') ''Res judicata'' (''A matter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:* [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Freemasonry Freemasonry (sometimes spelled Free-Masonry) consists of fraternal groups that trace their origins to the medieval guilds of stonemasons. Freemasonry is the oldest secular fraternity in the world and among the oldest still-existing organizations in history. Modern Freemasonry broadly consists of three main traditions: Anglo-American Freemasonry, Anglo-American style Freemasonry, which insists that a "volume of sacred law", such as the Bible, Quran, or other religious text be open in a working Masonic lodge, lodge, that every member professes belief in a God, supreme being, that only men be admitted, and discussion of religion or politics does not take place within the lodge. Continental Freemasonry or Liberal Freemasonry which has continued to evolve beyond these restrictions, particularly regarding religious belief and political discussion. Co-Freemasonry, Women Freemasonry or Co-Freemasonry, which includes organizations that either admit women exclusively (such as the Ord ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:* [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Historische Zeitschrift ''Historische Zeitschrift'', is a German scholarly journal of history and historiography. Founded in 1859 it was the first and for a time the foremost historical journal in Europe. It is published by Akademie Verlag GmbH, a subsidiary of Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag GmbH. History The ''Historische Zeitschrif''t was founded in 1859 by Heinrich von Sybel. Forerunners of the ''Historische Zeitschrift'' as a general journal of scholarly historiography include Leopold von Rankes' ''Historisch-politische Zeitschrift'' (1832 to 1836) and particularly Wilhelm Adolf Schmidt's Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft (1844 to 1848). In the early phase of its development, until the end of the First World War, the journal was run by and closely associated with Protestant and Prussian historians who championed the Prussian claim to political and cultural hegemony in German-speaking Europe and, since 1871, Prussian political dominance within the German Empire. Until the Weimar Republic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Axiom An axiom, postulate, or assumption is a statement that is taken to be true, to serve as a premise or starting point for further reasoning and arguments. The word comes from the Ancient Greek word (), meaning 'that which is thought worthy or fit' or 'that which commends itself as evident'. The precise definition varies across fields of study. In classic philosophy, an axiom is a statement that is so evident or well-established, that it is accepted without controversy or question. In modern logic, an axiom is a premise or starting point for reasoning. In mathematics, an ''axiom'' may be a " logical axiom" or a " non-logical axiom". Logical axioms are taken to be true within the system of logic they define and are often shown in symbolic form (e.g., (''A'' and ''B'') implies ''A''), while non-logical axioms are substantive assertions about the elements of the domain of a specific mathematical theory, for example ''a'' + 0 = ''a'' in integer arithmetic. N ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Helmut Kuhn (philosopher) Helmut is a German name. Variants include Hellmut, Helmuth, and Hellmuth. From old German, the first element deriving from either ''heil'' ("healthy") or ''hiltja'' ("battle"), and the second from ''muot'' ("spirit, mind, mood"). Helmut may refer to: People A–L Helmut Angula (born 1945), Namibian politician Helmut Ashley (1919–2021), Austrian director and cinematographer Helmut Bakaitis (born 1944), Australian director and actor Helmut Berger (1944–2023), Austrian actor Helmut Dantine (1917–1982), Austrian actor Helmut Deutsch (born 1945), Austrian classical pianist Helmut Ditsch (born 1962), Argentine painter Hellmut Diwald (1924–1993), German historian Helmut Donner (born 1941), Austrian high jumper Helmut Duckadam (1959–2024), Romanian footballer Helmut Fischer (1926–1997), German actor Hellmut von Gerlach (1866–1935), German journalist * Helmut Goebbels (1935–1945), only son of Joseph Goebbels Helmut Graeb, German electrical engineer Helmut Gr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Premise A premise or premiss is a proposition—a true or false declarative statement—used in an argument to prove the truth of another proposition called the conclusion. Arguments consist of a set of premises and a conclusion. An argument is meaningful for its conclusion only when all of its premises are true. If one or more premises are false, the argument says nothing about whether the conclusion is true or false. For instance, a false premise on its own does not justify rejecting an argument's conclusion; to assume otherwise is a logical fallacy called denying the antecedent. One way to prove that a proposition is false is to formulate a sound argument with a conclusion that negates that proposition. An argument is sound and its conclusion logically follows (it is true) if and only if the argument is valid ''and'' its premises are true. An argument is valid if and only if it is the case that whenever the premises are all true, the conclusion must also be true. If there exis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Dialectic Dialectic (; ), also known as the dialectical method, refers originally to dialogue between people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to arrive at the truth through reasoned argument. Dialectic resembles debate, but the concept excludes subjective elements such as emotional appeal and rhetoric. It has its origins in ancient philosophy and continued to be developed in the Middle Ages. Hegelianism refigured "dialectic" to no longer refer to a literal dialogue. Instead, the term takes on the specialized meaning of development by way of overcoming internal contradictions. Dialectical materialism, a theory advanced by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, adapted the Hegelian dialectic into a materialist theory of history. The legacy of Hegelian and Marxian dialectics has been criticized by philosophers, such as Karl Popper and Mario Bunge, who considered it unscientific. Dialectic implies a developmental process and so does not fit naturally within classical ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Jürgen Habermas Jürgen Habermas ( , ; ; born 18 June 1929) is a German philosopher and social theorist in the tradition of critical theory and pragmatism. His work addresses communicative rationality and the public sphere. Associated with the Frankfurt School, Habermas's work focuses on the foundations of epistemology and social theory, the analysis of advanced capitalism and democracy, the rule of law in a critical social-evolutionary context, albeit within the confines of the natural law tradition, and contemporary politics, particularly German politics. Habermas's theoretical system is devoted to revealing the possibility of reason, emancipation, and rational-critical communication latent in modern institutions and in the human capacity to deliberate and pursue rational interests. Habermas is known for his work on the phenomenon of modernity, particularly with respect to the discussions of rationalization originally set forth by Max Weber. He has been influenced by American pragm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]