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Coumaric Acid
Coumaric acid is a phenolic derivative of cinnamic acid having a hydroxy group as substituent at one of the aromatic In organic chemistry, aromaticity is a chemical property describing the way in which a conjugated system, conjugated ring of unsaturated bonds, lone pairs, or empty orbitals exhibits a stabilization stronger than would be expected from conjugati ... positions: * ''o''-Coumaric acid (''ortho''-coumaric acid) * ''m''-Coumaric acid (''meta''-coumaric acid) * ''p''-Coumaric acid (''para''-coumaric acid) See also * Dihydroxycinnamic acid * ''Ortho'', ''meta'', and ''para'' substitution {{Chemistry index ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phenol
Phenol (also known as carbolic acid, phenolic acid, or benzenol) is an aromatic organic compound with the molecular formula . It is a white crystalline solid that is volatile and can catch fire. The molecule consists of a phenyl group () bonded to a hydroxy group (). Mildly acidic, it requires careful handling because it can cause chemical burns. It is acutely toxic and is considered a health hazard. Phenol was first extracted from coal tar, but today is produced on a large scale (about 7 million tonnes a year) from petroleum-derived feedstocks. It is an important industrial commodity as a precursor to many materials and useful compounds, and is a liquid when manufactured. It is primarily used to synthesize plastics and related materials. Phenol and its chemical derivatives are essential for production of polycarbonates, epoxies, explosives such as picric acid, Bakelite, nylon, detergents, herbicides such as phenoxy herbicides, and numerous pharmaceuti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cinnamic Acid
Cinnamic acid is an organic compound with the formula phenyl, C6H5-CH=CH-Carboxylic acid, COOH. It is a white crystalline compound that is slightly soluble in water, and freely soluble in many organic solvents. Classified as an unsaturated carboxylic acid, it occurs naturally in a number of plants. It exists as both a Cis–trans isomerism, ''cis'' and a ''trans'' isomer, although the latter is more common. The ''cis''-isomer is called allocinnamic acid. Occurrence and production Biosynthesis Cinnamic acid is a central intermediate in the biosynthesis of a myriad of natural products including lignols (precursors to lignin and lignocellulose), flavonoids, isoflavonoids, coumarins, aurones, stilbenes, catechin, and phenylpropanoids. Its biosynthesis involves the action of the enzyme phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) on phenylalanine. Natural occurrence It is obtained from oil of cinnamon, or from balsams such as storax. It is also found in shea butter. Cinnamic acid has a honey-like ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hydroxy Group
In chemistry, a hydroxy or hydroxyl group is a functional group with the chemical formula and composed of one oxygen atom covalently bonded to one hydrogen atom. In organic chemistry, alcohols and carboxylic acids contain one or more hydroxy groups. Both the negatively charged anion , called hydroxide, and the neutral radical , known as the hydroxyl radical, consist of an unbonded hydroxy group. According to IUPAC definitions, the term ''hydroxyl'' refers to the hydroxyl radical () only, while the functional group is called a ''hydroxy group''. Properties Water, alcohols, carboxylic acids, and many other hydroxy-containing compounds can be readily deprotonated due to a large difference between the electronegativity of oxygen (3.5) and that of hydrogen (2.1). Hydroxy-containing compounds engage in intermolecular hydrogen bonding increasing the electrostatic attraction between molecules and thus to higher boiling and melting points than found for compounds that lack thi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aromatic Compound
Aromatic compounds or arenes are organic compounds "with a chemistry typified by benzene" and "cyclically conjugated." The word "aromatic" originates from the past grouping of molecules based on odor, before their general chemical properties were understood. The current definition of aromatic compounds does not have any relation to their odor. Aromatic compounds are now defined as cyclic compounds satisfying Hückel's rule. Aromatic compounds have the following general properties: * Typically unreactive * Often non polar and hydrophobic * High carbon-hydrogen ratio * Burn with a strong sooty yellow flame, due to high C:H ratio * Undergo electrophilic substitution reactions and nucleophilic aromatic substitutions Arenes are typically split into two categories - benzoids, that contain a benzene derivative and follow the benzene ring model, and non-benzoids that contain other aromatic cyclic derivatives. Aromatic compounds are commonly used in organic synthesis and are involved in m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
O-Coumaric Acid
''o''-Coumaric acid is a hydroxycinnamic acid, an organic compound that is a hydroxy derivative of cinnamic acid. There are three isomers of coumaric acids — ''o''-coumaric acid, ''m''-coumaric acid, and ''p''-coumaric acid — that differ by the position of the hydroxy substitution of the phenyl group. Natural occurrence ''o''-Coumaric acid can be found in vinegar Vinegar () is an aqueous solution of diluted acetic acid and trace compounds that may include flavorings. Vinegar typically contains from 5% to 18% acetic acid by volume. Usually, the acetic acid is produced by a double fermentation, converting .... 2-Coumarate reductase is an enzyme that produces 2-coumarate from 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate and NAD+. This enzyme participates in phenylalanine metabolism. References External links ''o''-Coumaric acid at www.phenol-explorer.eu Hydroxycinnamic acids Vinylogous carboxylic acids 2-Hydroxyphenyl compounds {{aromatic-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
M-Coumaric Acid
''m''-Coumaric acid is a hydroxycinnamic acid, an organic compound that is a hydroxy derivative of cinnamic acid. There are three isomers of coumaric acid – ''o''-coumaric acid, ''m''-coumaric acid, and ''p''-coumaric acid – that differ by the position of the hydroxy substitution of the phenyl group. ''m''-Coumaric acid can be found in vinegar Vinegar () is an aqueous solution of diluted acetic acid and trace compounds that may include flavorings. Vinegar typically contains from 5% to 18% acetic acid by volume. Usually, the acetic acid is produced by a double fermentation, converting .... References Hydroxycinnamic acids 3-Hydroxyphenyl compounds {{phenol-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
P-Coumaric Acid
''p''-Coumaric acid is an organic compound with the formula HOC6H4CH=CHCO2H. It is one of the three isomers of coumaric acid. It is a white solid that is only slightly soluble in water but very soluble in ethanol and diethyl ether. Natural occurrences It is a precursor to many natural products, especially Monolignol, lignols, precursors to the woody mass that comprise many plants. Of the myriad occurrences, ''p''-coumaric acid can be found in ''Gnetum cleistostachyum''. In food ''p''-Coumaric acid can be found in a wide variety of edible plants and fungi such as peanuts, navy beans, tomatoes, carrots, basil and garlic. It is found in wine and vinegar. It is also found in barley grain. ''p''-Coumaric acid from pollen is a constituent of honey. Derivatives p-Coumaric acid glucoside, ''p''-Coumaric acid glucoside can also be found in commercial breads containing flaxseed. Diesters of ''p''-coumaric acid can be found in carnauba wax. Biosynthesis It is biosynthesized from c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dihydroxycinnamic Acid
Dihydroxycinnamic acid may refer to several molecules with the molecular formula C9H8O4 including: * Caffeic acid Caffeic acid is an organic compound with the formula . It is a polyphenol with a key role in scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in energy metabolism. Caffeic acid is also one major polyphenol responsible for maintaining normal le ... (3,4-Dihydroxycinnamic acid), a hydroxycinammic acid * Umbellic acid (2,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid), a hydroxycinammic acid * 2,3-Dihydroxycinnamic acid, a hydroxycinammic acid * 2,5-Dihydroxycinnamic acid, a hydroxycinammic acid * 3,5-Dihydroxycinnamic acid, a hydroxycinammic acid {{Hydroxycinnamic acid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
