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Coriamyrtin
Coriamyrtin is a toxic γ-lactone naturally present in a multitude of plants. Natural occurrence Coriamyrtin can be found in '' Scurrula parasitica'', '' Coriaria microphylla'', ''Coriaria nepalensis'', and certain other plants. Toxicity Coriamyrtin is a convulsant. It appears to act via antagonism of GABAA receptors. Poisoning is usually from ingestion of parts of the plants containing it. A case of poisoning was able to be treated with repeated administration of diazepam, an anticonvulsant Anticonvulsants (also known as antiepileptic drugs, antiseizure drugs, or anti-seizure medications (ASM)) are a diverse group of pharmacological agents used in the treatment of epileptic seizures. Anticonvulsants are also used in the treatme .... References GABAA receptor antagonists Heterocyclic compounds with 4 rings Epoxides Spiro compounds Gamma-lactones Isopropenyl compounds Tertiary alcohols Plant toxins Convulsants {{Ether-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coriaria Microphylla
''Coriaria ruscifolia'' is a plant of the Coriariaceae family. It is native to Mexico, Central America, and South America. Description ''Coriaria ruscifolia'' is a deciduous shrub. It is poisonous except for the "fruit", which are actually petals. Uses In Ecuador, its fruits are reportedly eaten to produce an inebriated state. The eater is said to experience “sensations of soaring through the air”. The effects are said to be similar to those produced by '' Petunia violacea''. ''Coriaria ruscifolia'' grows in Mexico as well; it has been suggested that it was the Aztec inebriant known as tlacopétatl. In the Las Huaringas region, a lake plateau in the northern Peruvian Andes, the local healers (curanderos) refer to ''Coriaria ruscifolia'' as contra-alergica, “against allergies.” They use the herbage to prepare a bath additive that they use to wash patients suffering from allergic reactions. Toxicity The fruits contain catechol derivatives and probably several sesquiter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coriaria Nepalensis
''Coriaria nepalensis'' is a shrub of the genus '' Coriaria''. It grows in the foothills of the Himalayas. It blooms in spring and has bright yellow flowers and red fruits in summer. The plant is also known in English as masuri berry, tanner's tree, or mansur shrub. In Hindi it is known as masuri (), makola, or masurya (); and in Nepali as macchaino (). Description ''C. nepalensis'' is a shrub, growing around 1.5-2.5 metres tall. Flowers, yellow in colour, are in groups (inflorescences) and they are male or female but in the same plant. It blooms from February to May. Fruits are red to dark purple when mature. They resemble berries, but they are actually achenes protected by enlarged and colored petals. The fruits are produced from May to August, but they are inedible as their seeds are poisonous. The number of chromosomes the plant has is 40. ''C. nepalensis'' is toxic due to the presence of coriamyrtin. Distribution ''C. nepalensis'' grows on the southern slopes of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gamma-lactone
Lactones are cyclic carboxylic esters. They are derived from the corresponding hydroxycarboxylic acids by esterification. They can be saturated or unsaturated. Lactones are formed by lactonization, the intramolecular esterification of the corresponding hydroxycarboxylic acids. Nomenclature Greek prefixes in alphabetical order indicate ring size. Lactones are usually named according to the precursor acid molecule (''aceto'' = 2 carbon atoms, ''propio'' = 3, ''butyro'' = 4, ''valero'' = 5, ''capro'' = 6, etc.), with a ''-lactone'' suffix and a Greek letter prefix that specifies the number of carbon atoms in the heterocycle — that is, the distance between the relevant -OH and the -COOH groups along said backbone. The first carbon atom after the carbon in the -COOH group on the parent compound is labelled α, the second will be labeled β, and so forth. Therefore, the prefixes also indicate the size of the lactone ring: α-lactone = 3-membered ring, β-lactone = 4-membered, γ-l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heterocyclic Compounds With 4 Rings
A heterocyclic compound or ring structure is a cyclic compound that has atoms of at least two different elements as members of its ring(s). Heterocyclic organic chemistry is the branch of organic chemistry dealing with the synthesis, properties, and applications of organic heterocycles. Examples of heterocyclic compounds include all of the nucleic acids, the majority of drugs, most biomass (cellulose and related materials), and many natural and synthetic dyes. More than half of known compounds are heterocycles. 59% of US FDA-approved drugs contain nitrogen heterocycles. Classification The study of organic heterocyclic chemistry focuses especially on organic unsaturated derivatives, and the preponderance of work and applications involves unstrained organic 5- and 6-membered rings. Included are pyridine, thiophene, pyrrole, and furan. Another large class of organic heterocycles refers to those fused to benzene rings. For example, the fused benzene derivatives of pyridin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tertiary Alcohols
In chemistry, an alcohol (), is a type of organic compound that carries at least one hydroxyl () functional group bound to a Saturated and unsaturated compounds, saturated carbon atom. Alcohols range from the simple, like methanol and ethanol, to complex, like sugar alcohols and cholesterol. The presence of an OH group strongly modifies the properties of Hydrocarbon, hydrocarbons, conferring Hydrophile, hydrophilic (water-loving) properties. The OH group provides a site at which many reactions can occur. History The flammable nature of the exhalations of wine was already known to ancient natural philosophers such as Aristotle (384–322 BCE), Theophrastus (–287 BCE), and Pliny the Elder (23/24–79 CE). However, this did not immediately lead to the isolation of alcohol, even despite the development of more advanced distillation techniques in second- and third-century Roman Egypt. An important recognition, first found in one of the writings attributed to Jabir ibn Hayyan, J ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Isopropenyl Compounds
In organic chemistry, 1-propenyl (or simply propenyl) has the formula CH=CHCH3 and 2-propenyl (isopropenyl) has the formula CH2=C-CH3. These groups are found in many compounds. Propenyl compounds are Isomer , isomeric with allyl compounds, which have the formula CH2-CH=CH2. Chemicals with 1-propenyl groups *2-Chloropropylene, 2-chloropropylene *propenylbenzene (β-methylstyrene). Many phenylpropanoids and their derivatives feature derivatives of propenylbenzene: *Anethole *Asarone *Carpacin *Coniferyl alcohol *Isoeugenol *Isosafrole *Methyl isoeugenol *Pseudoisoeugenol Chemicals with 2-propenyl groups Isopropenyl acetate is a 2-propenyl ester, synthesizable from ketene. Several terpenes feature 2-propenyl substituents: *carvone *limonene See also * Propene * Functional group References [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spiro Compounds
In organic chemistry, spiro compounds are compounds that have at least two molecular rings sharing one common atom. Simple spiro compounds are bicyclic (having just two rings). The presence of only one common atom connecting the two rings distinguishes spiro compounds from other bicyclics.For all four categories, see The specific chapters can be found aan respectively, same access date. For the description featuring adjacent atoms for all but the isolated category, see Clayden, op. cit. Spiro compounds may be fully carbocyclic (all carbon) or heterocyclic (having one or more non-carbon atom). One common type of spiro compound encountered in educational settings is a heterocyclic one— the acetal formed by reaction of a diol with a cyclic ketone. The common atom that connects the two (or sometimes three) rings is called the ''spiro atom''. In carbocyclic spiro compounds like spiro .5ndecane, the spiro-atom is a quaternary carbon, and as the ''-ane'' ending implies, these ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Epoxides
In organic chemistry, an epoxide is a cyclic ether, where the ether forms a three-atom Ring (chemistry), ring: two atoms of carbon and one atom of oxygen. This triangular structure has substantial ring strain, making epoxides highly Reactivity (chemistry), reactive, more so than other ethers. They are produced on a large scale for many applications. In general, low molecular weight epoxides are colourless and nonpolar, and often Volatility (chemistry), volatile. Nomenclature A compound containing the epoxide functional group can be called an epoxy, epoxide, oxirane, and ethoxyline. Simple epoxides are often referred to as oxides. Thus, the epoxide of ethylene (C2H4) is ethylene oxide (C2H4O). Many compounds have trivial names; for instance, ethylene oxide is called "oxirane". Some names emphasize the presence of the epoxide functional group, as in the compound ''1,2-epoxyheptane'', which can also be called ''1,2-heptene oxide''. A polymer formed from epoxide precursors is c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anticonvulsant
Anticonvulsants (also known as antiepileptic drugs, antiseizure drugs, or anti-seizure medications (ASM)) are a diverse group of pharmacological agents used in the treatment of epileptic seizures. Anticonvulsants are also used in the treatment of bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder, since many seem to act as mood stabilizers, and for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Anticonvulsants suppress the uncontrolled and excessive firing of neurons during seizures and in doing so can also prevent the spread of the seizure within the brain. Conventional antiepileptic drugs have diverse mechanisms of action but many block sodium channels or enhance γ-aminobutyric acid ( GABA) function. Several antiepileptic drugs have multiple or uncertain mechanisms of action. Next to voltage-gated sodium channels and components of the GABA system, their targets include GABAA receptors, the GABA transporter type 1, and GABA transaminase. Additional targets include voltage-gate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GABAA Receptor Antagonists
The GABAA receptor (GABAAR) is an ionotropic receptor and ligand-gated ion channel. Its endogenous ligand is γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Accurate regulation of GABAergic transmission through appropriate developmental processes, specificity to neural cell types, and responsiveness to activity is crucial for the proper functioning of nearly all aspects of the central nervous system (CNS). Upon opening, the GABAA receptor on the postsynaptic cell is selectively permeable to chloride ions () and, to a lesser extent, bicarbonate ions (). GABAAR are members of the ligand-gated ion channel receptor superfamily, which is a chloride channel family with a dozen or more heterotetrametric subtypes and 19 distinct subunits. These subtypes have distinct brain regional and subcellular localization, age-dependent expression, and the ability to undergo plastic alterations in response to experience, including drug exposure. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scurrula Parasitica
''Scurrula'' is a genus of parasitic shrubs in the family Loranthaceae, native to south-east Asia. Species The Catalogue of Life The Catalogue of Life (CoL) is an online database that provides an index of known species of animals, plants, fungi, and microorganisms. It was created in 2001 as a partnership between the global Species 2000 and the American Integrated Taxono ... lists the following species: * '' Scurrula aphodastrica'' * '' Scurrula argentea'' * '' Scurrula atropurpurea'' * '' Scurrula buddleioides'' * '' Scurrula chingii'' * '' Scurrula cordifolia'' * '' Scurrula corynitis'' * '' Scurrula didyma'' * '' Scurrula elata'' * '' Scurrula ferruginea'' * '' Scurrula gongshanensis'' * '' Scurrula lepidota'' * '' Scurrula meeboldii'' * '' Scurrula montana'' * '' Scurrula notothixoides'' * '' Scurrula oortiana'' * '' Scurrula parasitica'' * '' Scurrula phoebe-formosanae'' * '' Scurrula pulverulenta'' * '' Scurrula rhopalocarpa'' * '' Scurrula robertsonii'' * '' Scurrula r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
