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Coagulase Test
Coagulase is a protein enzyme produced by several microorganisms that enables the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. In the laboratory, it is used to distinguish between different types of ''Staphylococcus'' isolates. Importantly, '' S. aureus'' is generally coagulase-positive, meaning that a positive coagulase test would indicate the presence of ''S. aureus'' or any of the other 11 coagulase-positive ''Staphylococci''. A negative coagulase test would instead show the presence of coagulase-negative organisms such as '' S. epidermidis'' or '' S. saprophyticus''. However, it is now known that not all ''S. aureus'' are coagulase-positive. Whereas coagulase-positive staphylococci are usually pathogenic, coagulase-negative staphylococci are more often associated with opportunistic infection. It is also produced by ''Yersinia pestis''. Coagulase reacts with prothrombin in the blood. The resulting complex is called ''staphylothrombin'', which enables the enzyme to act as a protease to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Staphylococcus Aureus, 50,000x, USDA, ARS, EMU
''Staphylococcus'', from Ancient Greek σταφυλή (''staphulḗ''), meaning "bunch of grapes", and (''kókkos''), meaning "kernel" or " Kermes", is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria in the family Staphylococcaceae from the order Bacillales. Under the microscope, they appear spherical (cocci), and form in grape-like clusters. ''Staphylococcus'' species are facultative anaerobic organisms (capable of growth both aerobically and anaerobically). The name was coined in 1880 by Scottish surgeon and bacteriologist Alexander Ogston (1844–1929), following the pattern established five years earlier with the naming of ''Streptococcus''. It combines the prefix "staphylo-" (from ), and suffixed by the (from ). Staphylococcus was one of the leading infections in hospitals and many strains of this bacterium have become antibiotic resistant. Despite strong attempts to get rid of them, staphylococcus bacteria stay present in hospitals, where they can infect people who are most at risk ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MSCRAMM
MSCRAMM (acronym for "microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules") are adhesin proteins that mediate the initial attachment of bacteria to host tissue, providing a critical step to establish infection. Examples include clumping factor A (ClfA), fibronectin binding protein A (FnbpA) from ''Staphylococcus aureus'', SdrG from ''Staphylococcus epidermidis'', M protein from ''Streptococcus pyogenes'', and protein G in other ''Streptococcus'' species. All of these MSCRAMMs bind to fibrinogen, but also other targets for MSCRAMMs are known, such as fibronectin. Protein M binds to the Fc region of certain antibodies. The MSCRAMMs have mainly been studied in Gram positive In bacteriology, gram-positive bacteria are bacteria that give a positive result in the Gram stain test, which is traditionally used to quickly classify bacteria into two broad categories according to their type of cell wall. The Gram stain i ... pathogens and are promising drug targets. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Staphylococcus Lutrae
''Staphylococcus lutrae'' is a species of Gram-positive bacteria and a member of the genus ''Staphylococcus''. Strains of this species were originally isolated from otters and are coagulase Coagulase is a protein enzyme produced by several microorganisms that enables the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. In the laboratory, it is used to distinguish between different types of ''Staphylococcus'' isolates. Importantly, '' S. aureus' ...-positive. References External links Type strain of ''Staphylococcus lutrae'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase Gram-positive bacteria lutrae Bacteria described in 1997 {{Staphylococcaceae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Staphylococcus Intermedius
''Staphylococcus intermedius'' is a Gram-positive, catalase positive member of the bacterial genus ''Staphylococcus'' consisting of clustered cocci. Strains of this species were originally isolated from the anterior nares of pigeons, dogs, cats, mink, and horses. Many of the isolated strains show coagulase activity. Clinical tests for detection of methicillin-resistant ''S. aureus'' may produce false positives by detecting ''S. intermedius'', as this species shares some phenotypic traits with methicillin-resistant ''S. aureus'' strains. It has been theorized that ''S. intermedius'' has previously been misidentified as ''S. aureus'' in human dog bite wound infections, which is why molecular technologies such as MALDI-TOF and PCR are preferred in modern veterinary clinical microbiology laboratories for their more accurate identifications over biochemical tests. ''S. intermedius'' is largely phenotypically indiscriminate from ''Staphylococcus pseudintermedius'' and ''Staphylococcu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Staphylococcus Hyicus
''Staphylococcus'', from Ancient Greek σταφυλή (''staphulḗ''), meaning "bunch of grapes", and (''kókkos''), meaning "kernel" or " Kermes", is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria in the family Staphylococcaceae from the order Bacillales. Under the microscope, they appear spherical ( cocci), and form in grape-like clusters. ''Staphylococcus'' species are facultative anaerobic organisms (capable of growth both aerobically and anaerobically). The name was coined in 1880 by Scottish surgeon and bacteriologist Alexander Ogston (1844–1929), following the pattern established five years earlier with the naming of ''Streptococcus''. It combines the prefix "staphylo-" (from ), and suffixed by the (from ). Staphylococcus was one of the leading infections in hospitals and many strains of this bacterium have become antibiotic resistant. Despite strong attempts to get rid of them, staphylococcus bacteria stay present in hospitals, where they can infect people who are most at ri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Staphylococcus Delphini
''Staphylococcus delphini'' is a Gram-positive, coagulase-positive member of the bacterial genus ''Staphylococcus'' consisting of single, paired, and clustered cocci (round bacteria). Strains of this species were originally isolated from aquarium-raised dolphins suffering from skin lesions. History The first strains of ''Staphylococcus delphini'' were discovered originally in 1975 when two strains were isolated from dolphins suffering from infected wounds. Based on both phenetic and genomic data, the basis of the new species ''Staphylococcus delphini'' was established. ''Staphylococcus delphini'' was originally distinguished other staphylococci by its production of coagulase, phosphatase, and heat-labile deoxyribonuclease; its carbohydrate reaction pattern; its bacteriolytic activity pattern; its profile of penicillin-binding proteins; and the bacteria's fairly large ratio of G + C nucleotides in its genome. Microbiology ''Staphylococcus delphini'' is a coagulase-positive b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Analytical Profile Index
The analytical profile index, or API, is a classification system for bacteria based on biochemical tests. The system was developed to accelerate the speed of identifying clinically relevant bacteria. It can only be used to identify known species from an index. The data obtained are phenotypic traits. DNA sequence-based methods, including multi-locus sequence typing and even whole-genome sequencing, are increasingly used in the identification of bacterial species and strains. These newer methods can be used to complement or even replace the use of API testing in clinical settings. History The analytical profile index (API) was invented in the 1970s in the United States by Pierre Janin of Analytab Products Inc. The API test system is currently manufactured by bioMérieux. The API range introduced a standardized and miniaturized version of existing techniques, which were considered complicated to perform and difficult to read. Description Identification is only possible with a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Staphylococcus Epidermidis
''Staphylococcus epidermidis'' is a Gram-positive bacterium, and one of over 40 species belonging to the genus ''Staphylococcus''. It is part of the human flora, normal human microbiota, typically the skin flora, skin microbiota, and less commonly the mucosal microbiota and also found in marine sponges. It is a facultative anaerobic bacteria. Although ''S. epidermidis'' is not usually Pathogenic bacteria, pathogenic, patients with compromised immune systems are at risk of developing infection. These infections are generally Hospital-acquired infection, hospital-acquired. ''S. epidermidis'' is a particular concern for people with catheters or other surgical implants because it is known to form biofilms that grow on these devices. Being part of the normal skin microbiota, ''S. epidermidis'' is a frequent contaminant of specimens sent to the diagnostic laboratory. Some strains of ''S. epidermidis'' are highly salt tolerant and commonly found in marine environments. S.I. Paul et al ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Catalase
Catalase is a common enzyme found in nearly all living organisms exposed to oxygen (such as bacteria, plants, and animals) which catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. It is a very important enzyme in protecting the cell from oxidative damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Catalase has one of the highest turnover numbers of all enzymes; one catalase molecule can convert millions of hydrogen peroxide molecules to water and oxygen each second. Catalase is a tetramer of four polypeptide chains, each over 500 amino acids long. It contains four iron-containing heme groups that allow the enzyme to react with hydrogen peroxide. The optimum pH for human catalase is approximately 7, and has a fairly broad maximum: the rate of reaction does not change appreciably between pH 6.8 and 7.5. The pH optimum for other catalases varies between 4 and 11 depending on the species. The optimum temperature also varies by species. Structure Human catalase for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Blood Plasma
Blood plasma is a light Amber (color), amber-colored liquid component of blood in which blood cells are absent, but which contains Blood protein, proteins and other constituents of whole blood in Suspension (chemistry), suspension. It makes up about 55% of the body's total blood volume. It is the Intravascular compartment, intravascular part of extracellular fluid (all body fluid outside cells). It is mostly water (up to 95% by volume), and contains important dissolved proteins (6–8%; e.g., serum albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen), glucose, clotting factors, electrolytes (, , , , , etc.), hormones, carbon dioxide (plasma being the main medium for excretory product transportation), and oxygen. It plays a vital role in an intravascular osmotic effect that keeps electrolyte concentration balanced and protects the body from infection and other blood-related disorders. Blood plasma can be separated from whole blood through blood fractionation, by adding an anticoagulant to a tube ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
EDTA
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), also called EDTA acid, is an aminopolycarboxylic acid with the formula . This white, slightly water-soluble solid is widely used to bind to iron (Fe2+/Fe3+) and calcium ions (Ca2+), forming water-soluble complexes even at neutral pH. It is thus used to dissolve Fe- and Ca-containing scale as well as to deliver iron ions under conditions where its oxides are insoluble. EDTA is available as several salts, notably disodium EDTA, sodium calcium edetate, and tetrasodium EDTA, but these all function similarly. Uses EDTA is widely used in industry. It also has applications in food preservation, medicine, cosmetics, water softening, in laboratories, and other fields. Industrial EDTA is mainly used to sequester (bind or confine) metal ions in aqueous solution. In the textile industry, it prevents metal ion impurities from modifying colours of dyed products. In the pulp and paper industry, EDTA inhibits the ability of metal ions, especiall ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
