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Citarum
The Citarum River (more correctly called the Tarum River, as the prefix "Ci" simply means "river") () is the longest and largest river in West Java, Indonesia. It is the third longest river in Java, after Bengawan Solo and Brantas. It plays an important role in the life of the people of West Java. It has been noted for being considered one of the most polluted rivers in the world. History In Indonesian history, the Citarum is linked with the 4th-century Tarumanagara kingdom, as the kingdom and the river shared the same etymology, derived from the word "tarum" ( Sundanese for indigo plant). The earlier 4th-century BCE prehistoric Buni clay pottery-making culture flourished near the river's mouth. Stone inscriptions, Chinese sources, and archaeological sites such as Batujaya and Cibuaya suggest that human habitation and civilization flourished in and around the river estuaries and river valleys as early as the 4th century and even earlier. Geography The river flows in the no ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Most-polluted Rivers
This list contains rivers and other stream A stream is a continuous body of water, body of surface water Current (stream), flowing within the stream bed, bed and bank (geography), banks of a channel (geography), channel. Depending on its location or certain characteristics, a strea ...s that have been regarded, currently or historically, as among the most polluted in the world due to their quantity of pollution, the severity of different components of the stream's pollution, its impact on the local population, or a combination of all factors. Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania South America Historically polluted rivers See also * List of most-polluted cities by particulate matter concentration References {{Pollution Pollutants Water pollution Pollution-related lists ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bandung
Bandung is the capital city of the West Java province of Indonesia. Located on the island of Java, the city is the List of Indonesian cities by population, fourth-most populous city and fourth largest city in Indonesia after Jakarta, Surabaya, and Medan. Greater Bandung (Bandung Basin Metropolitan Area / BBMA) is the country's second-largest and second most populous List of metropolitan areas in Indonesia, metropolitan area, with over 11 million inhabitants. Situated above sea level (the highest point in the North area is at an altitude of , and the lowest in the South at above sea level), approximately southeast of Jakarta, Bandung has cooler year-round temperatures than most other List of cities in Indonesia, Indonesian cities. The city lies in a river basin surrounded by volcanic mountains that provide a natural defense system, which was the primary reason for the Dutch East Indies government's plan to move the capital from Batavia (modern-day Jakarta) to Bandung. The D ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tarumanagara
Tarumanagara or Taruma Kingdom or just Taruma was an early Sundanese Indianised kingdom, located in western Java, whose 5th-century ruler, Purnawarman, produced the earliest known inscriptions in Java, which are estimated to date from around 358 CE. At least seven stone inscriptions connected to this kingdom were discovered in Western Java area, near Bogor and Jakarta. They are Ciaruteun, Kebon Kopi, Jambu, Pasir Awi, and Muara Cianten inscriptions near Bogor; Tugu inscription near Cilincing in North Jakarta; and Cidanghiang inscription in Lebak village, Munjul district, south of Banten. Location The inscriptions of Taruma kingdom are the earliest records of Hinduism in the western part of the archipelago. The geographical position of coastal West Java, which corresponds to today modern Jakarta, is a commanding region that controls the Sunda Strait. This location is strategic in regard to Sumatra, and also its connection to Asian continent of India and China. The k ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jatiluhur Dam
The Jatiluhur Dam is a multi-purpose embankment dam on the Citarum River in West Java, Indonesia. It is located east of Jakarta, close to the medium-sized town of Purwakarta. Jatiluhur Dam was designed by Coyne et Bellier and was constructed between 1957 and 1965 while the power station became operational in 1967. The dam serves several purposes including the provision of hydroelectric power generation, water supply, flood control, irrigation, and aquaculture. The power station has an installed capacity of 186.5 MW which feeds into the Java grid managed by the state-owned electricity company ''Perusahaan Listrik Negara''. The Jatiluhur reservoir helps irrigate of rice fields. The earth-fill dam is high and withholds a reservoir of , the largest in the country. See also *List of power stations in Indonesia *Cirata Dam References {{Citarum River dams Purwakarta Regency Dams in Indonesia Hydroelectric power stations in Indonesia Earth-filled dams Dams completed in 1965 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cirata Dam
The Cirata Dam is an embankment dam on the Citarum River in West Java, Indonesia. It is located southeast of Jakarta. It was constructed between 1984 and 1988 for the primary purpose of hydroelectric & photovoltaic power generation. Other purposes include flood control, aquaculture, water supply and irrigation. The tall concrete-face rock-fill dam is situated just before a sharp bend in the river and withholds a reservoir with a gross storage capacity of . The reservoir has a surface area of which caused the relocation of 6,335 families. The construction of the dam resulted in involuntary resettlement of 56,000 people. Hydroelectricity The hydroelectric power station is located on the north side of the river bend and contains eight 126 MW Francis turbine-generators. It has a total installed capacity of 1,008 MW and an annual generation of 1,426 GWh. The power station was completed in two phases, the second was completed in 1998. It serves mostly as a peaking power plant and i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saguling Dam
The Saguling Dam is an embankment dam on the headwater of Citarum River in West Java, Indonesia. It is located west of Bandung. Construction began in 1983. The reservoir had filled by 1985 and the first generator was operational in 1986. The primary purpose of the dam is hydroelectric power generation but it also provides for water supply and aquaculture. The tall dam is rock-fill embankment-type with watertight core that withholds a reservoir with a capacity of . Its power station has 4 x 175 MW Francis turbine The Francis turbine is a type of water turbine. It is an inward-flow reaction turbine that combines radial and axial flow concepts. Francis turbines are the most common water turbine in use today, and can achieve over 95% efficiency. The pro ... generators with an installed capacity of 700 MW. Including land acquisition, the cost of the dam with power plant was about $US 663 million. The installed capacity of the power plant might be expanded to 1,400 MW in the fut ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muara Gembong
Muara Gembong is the most northerly district (''kecamatan'') of Bekasi Regency, in West Java, Indonesia. It covers an area of 160.54 km2, and had a population of 35,503 at the 2010 Census and 40,321 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 43,722, comprising 22,362 males and 21,360 females.Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 26 September 2024, ''Kecamatan Muara Gembong Dalam Angka 2024'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.3616150) The administrative centre is located at Pantai Mekar, and the district is sub-divided into 6 villages (''desa''), all sharing a post-code of 17730, as listed below with their areas and their populations as at mid 2023.Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 26 September 2024, ''Kecamatan Muara Gembong Dalam Angka 2024'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.3616150) Demographics As of the 2020 Indonesian census, the district had a population of 40,321, with an average population growth rate of 1.24% annually since 2010. The gender ratio in mid 2023 was 104.69.Badan Pusat Sta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Java
Java is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea (a part of Pacific Ocean) to the north. With a population of 156.9 million people (including Madura) in mid 2024, projected to rise to 158 million at mid 2025, Java is the world's List of islands by population, most populous island, home to approximately 55.7% of the Demographics of Indonesia, Indonesian population (only approximately 44.3% of Indonesian population live outside Java). Indonesia's capital city, Jakarta, is on Java's northwestern coast. Many of the best known events in Indonesian history took place on Java. It was the centre of powerful Hindu-Buddhist empires, the Islamic sultanates, and the core of the colonial Dutch East Indies. Java was also the center of the History of Indonesia, Indonesian struggle for independence during the 1930s and 1940s. Java dominates Indonesia politically, economically and culturally. Four of Indonesia's eig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karawang Regency
Karawang Regency is a Regency (Indonesia), regency ''(kabupaten)'' of West Java, Indonesia. The town of West Karawang, Karawang is its administrative centre. The regency covers an area of 1,911.09 km2 and had a population of 2,127,791 people at the 2010 Census,Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011. which grew to 2,361,019 at the 2020 Census.Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021. The official estimate for mid-2024 was 2,554,384 - comprising 1,302,947 males and 1,278,298 females projected for mid 2025.Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2025, ''Kabupaten Karawang Dalam Angka 2025'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.3215) The regency borders Bekasi Regency, Bekasi and Bogor Regency, Bogor Regencies in the west, the Java Sea in the north, Subang Regency in the east, Purwakarta Regency in the southeast, and Cianjur Regency in the south. The regency lies on the eastern outskirts of Metropolitan Jakarta, just outside the Jabodetabek region, and is the site of considerable industrial activity ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bandung Regency
Bandung Regency () is an administrative landlocked regency located to the south, southeast, east and northeast of the city of Bandung. The northern parts of the Bandung Regency are effectively part of Greater Bandung (technically the whole of the Regency is within the Bandung Metropolitan Area), with the southern third being less urbanized and jutting upwards from the Valley, though not as sharply as the mountain range to the immediate north of Bandung. The Regency is part of the Indonesian province of West Java, and is situated about 75 miles southeast of Jakarta. The town of Soreang is the regency seat. The Regency was reduced in size as first Cimahi City (which became an independent city on 21 June 2001) and then West Bandung Regency (on 2 January 2007) were split off from the regency, resulting in a land area of 1,733.52 km2. In the 2010 Census, the population of this residual area reached 3,178,543 after final adjustments,Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011. while the 202 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Environmental Issues In Indonesia
Environmental issues in Indonesia are associated with the country's high population density and rapid industrialisation, and they are often given a lower priority due to high poverty levels, and an under-resourced governance. Most large palm oil plantations in Indonesia owned by Singaporean rich conglomerates who employ thousands of local native Indonesians. Issues include large-scale deforestation (much of it illegal) and related wildfires causing heavy smog over parts of western Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore; over-exploitation of marine resources; and environmental problems associated with rapid urbanisation and economic development, including air pollution, traffic congestion, garbage management, and reliable water and waste water services. Deforestation and the destruction of peatlands make Indonesia the world's third largest emitter of greenhouse gases. Habitat destruction threatens the survival of indigenous and endemic species, including 140 species of mammals id ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
