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Choghazanbil2
Chogha Zanbil (also Tchoga Zanbil and Čoġā Zanbīl) (; Elamite: Al Untas Napirisa then later Dur Untash) is an ancient Elamite complex in the Khuzestan province of Iran. It is one of the few existing ziggurats outside Mesopotamia. It lies approximately southeast of Susa and north of Ahvaz. The construction date of the city is unclear due to uncertainty in the chronology of the reign of Untash-Napirisha but is clearly sometime in the 14th or 13th century BC. The conventionally assumed date is 1250 BC. The city is currently believed to have been destroyed by the Neo-Assyrian ruler Assurbanipal in about 645 BC, along with the Elamite capital of Susa though some researchers place the end of occupation in the late 12th century BC. The ziggurat is considered to be the best preserved example of the stepped pyramidal monument by UNESCO. In 1979, Chogha Zanbil became the first Iranian site to be inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. History ''Chogha Zanbil'' is typically tran ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khuzestan
Khuzestan province () is one of the 31 Provinces of Iran. Located in the southwest of the country, the province borders Iraq and the Persian Gulf, covering an area of . Its capital is the city of Ahvaz. Since 2014, it has been part of Iran's Region 4. Etymology Once one of the most critical regions of the Ancient Near East, Khuzestan comprises much of what historians refer to as ancient Elam, whose capital was in Susa. The Old Persian term for Elam was when they conquered it from the Elamites. This element is present in the modern name. Khuzestan, meaning "the Land of the Khuz," refers to the original inhabitants of this province. In the Achaemenid Empire, this term is ''Huza'' or ''Huja'', as in the inscription on the tomb of Darius the Great at Naqsh-e Rostam. They are the "Shushan" of Hebrew sources, a borrowing from Elamite ''Šuša''. In Middle Persian, the term evolved into "Khuz" and "Kuzi." The pre-Islamic Partho-Sasanian inscriptions give the province the na ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adad
Hadad (), Haddad, Adad ( Akkadian: 𒀭𒅎 '' DIM'', pronounced as ''Adād''), or Iškur ( Sumerian) was the storm- and rain-god in the Canaanite and ancient Mesopotamian religions. He was attested in Ebla as "Hadda" in c. 2500 BCE. From the Levant, Hadad was introduced to Mesopotamia by the Amorites, where he became known as the Akkadian (Assyrian-Babylonian) god Adad. Adad and Iškur are usually written with the logogram - the same symbol used for the Hurrian god Teshub. Hadad was also called Rimon/Rimmon, Pidar, Rapiu, Baal-Zephon, or often simply Baʿal (Lord); however, the latter title was also used for other gods. The bull was the symbolic animal of Hadad. He appeared bearded, often holding a club and thunderbolt and wearing a bull-horned headdress. Hadad was equated with the Greek god Zeus, the Roman god Jupiter ( Jupiter Dolichenus), as well as the Babylonian Bel. The Baal Cycle or Epic of Baal is a collection of stories about the Canaanite Baal, also refer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chogha Zanbil, Ziggurat (model)
Chogha or Chagha or Chegha () is a Persian word for a tell. It may also refer to: * Chagha, Isfahan * Chagha, Lorestan * Cheqa (other) * Choghabur (other) * Choga (garment), a long-sleeved overcoat See also *''Chagha'' and ''Chegha'' and ''Chogha'' are common elements in Iranian place names; see: ** ** ** {{geodis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Subterranea (geography)
Subterranea are ''underground structures'', both natural (such as caves) and human-made (such as Mining, mines). Some subterranea and related topics include: Natural * Caves ** Cenote ** Ice cave ** Sea cave ** Sinkhole * Karst * Lava tube ** Lunar lava tube, Lunar and Martian lava tubes * Subterranean river * Subterranean waterfall * Underground lake * Volcanic pipe Human-made or human-related by common function The following is a list of examples of structures which are or can be underground. * Civil defense ** Air raid shelter ** Blast shelter ** Fallout shelter ** Storm cellar * Cultural heritage ** Catacombs ** Dungeon ** Erdstall ** Fogou ** Hypogeum ** Passage grave ** Rock-cut architecture *** Rock-cut tomb * Disposal of human corpses, Disposal of corpses or religion: ** Burial vault (tomb), Burial vault ** Crypt * Underground living, Living ** Basement ** Cave dweller, Cave dwelling ** Dugout (shelter), Dugout ** Earth shelter ** Underground city * Maintenance ** ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nahhunte
Nahhunte was the Elamite sun god. While the evidence for the existence of temples dedicated to him and regular offerings is sparse, he is commonly attested in theophoric names, including these of members of Elamite royal families. Name and character Multiple writings of the name are known. In Elamite documents, the attested forms include Nahhunte, Nahhute, Nahiti and dPÍR. Forms attested in Akkadian texts include Naḫḫude, Naḫunde, Nanḫunde, dUTU and, exclusively in theophoric names, -''nande'' and -''ḫundu''. According to Matthew Stolper, the name Nahhunte is a compound noun, but its precise etymology is impossible to ascertain. He proposes that it was a cognate, and possibly a homonym, of the Elamite word for the sun. In curse formulas, his name functioned as a metonym for the sun itself. In texts from Susa, Haft Tepe and Malamir the name of the sun god was usually written logographically as dUTU and it is uncertain when it should be read as Nahhunte rather tha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kiririsha
Kiririsha (Elamite: "great goddess") was a major goddess worshiped in Elam. Early scholarship incorrectly identified her as one and the same as Pinikir, an unrelated goddess from a different part of Elam. Character Kiririsha is regarded as one of the most prominent Elamite deities by modern researchers. Elamite texts refer to her as "mother of gods." An inscription of Hanni of Ayapir from the neo-Elamite period describes her, Napirisha and Tepti as gods "who have always protected water and earth" or "who have let thrive water and earth." As Napirisha is generally assumed to be associated with water due to identification with Ea, Wouter Henkelman proposes that Kirirsha could possibly be connected to earth, and that she is the deity whose name is only represented by the logogram KI ("earth" in Sumerian) in the Persepolis fortification archive. Kiririsha additionally also has a possible association with death. One argument usually put in favor of her underworld associations i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ishmekarab
Ishmekarab (Išmekarab) or Ishnikarab (Išnikarab) was a Mesopotamian deity of justice. The name is commonly translated from Akkadian as "he heard the prayer," but Ishmekarab's gender is uncertain and opinions of researchers on whether the deity was male or female vary. In Mesopotamia Ishmekarab was worshiped as a member of various groups of judge deities, including the "standing god of Ebabbar" and as part of the group of "divine judges" attested in Assyria from between the period of Erishum I's reign and the era of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Many attestations are also known from Susa in Elam, where a number of deities of Mesopotamian origin were worshiped. Character Ishmekarab was a deity of justice, described as a divine judge and in some cases invoked in legal formulas. In this role, as well as in that of an oath deity, Ishmekarab could be associated with Shamash. A curse formula from Susa written in Akkadian mentions the scepter of Ishmekarab as a symbolic deterrent against al ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nuska
Nuska or Nusku, possibly also known as Našuḫ, was a Mesopotamian god best attested as the sukkal (divine vizier) of Enlil. He was also associated with fire and light, and could be invoked as a protective deity against various demons, such as Lamashtu or gallu. His symbols included a staff, a lamp and a rooster. Various traditions existed regarding his genealogy, with some of them restricted to texts from specific cities. His wife was the goddess Sadarnunna, whose character is poorly known. He could be associated with the fire god Gibil, as well as with various courtiers of Enlil, such as Shuzianna and Ninimma. The main cult center of Nuska was Nippur, where he is already attested in the Early Dynastic period. He was worshiped both in temples of his own and in the Ekur complex. He is attested in various documents from the Kassite period, including oath formulas and inscriptions, as well as in theophoric names. In later periods, he was introduced to the local pantheons of o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Manzat
Manzat (; Auvergnat: ''Manzac'') is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne in central France. See also *Communes of the Puy-de-Dôme department The following is a list of the 463 communes of the Puy-de-Dôme department of France France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include Fr ... References External links Commune de Manzat, official websitePersonal website about Manzat Communes of Puy-de-Dôme {{Riom-geo-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pinikir
Pinikir, also known as Pinigir, Pirengir, Pirinkir, and Parakaras, was an Ancient Near Eastern astral goddess who originates in Elamite religious beliefs. While she is only infrequently attested in Elamite documents, she achieved a degree of prominence in Hurrian religion. Due to her presence in pantheons of many parts of the Ancient Near East, from Anatolia to Iran, modern researchers refer to her as a "cosmopolitan deity." Early scholarship incorrectly identified her as one and the same as Kiririsha, an unrelated goddess from a different part of Elam. Name Wilfred G. Lambert considered Pinikir's origin to be Elamite. Hittitologist Gary Beckman proposes that Pinikir’s name has Sumerian origin and has been derived from ''pirig.gal'', "great feline." However, according to Piotr Taracha, this proposal cannot be proven conclusively. While it was assumed in the past that a deity named Pirig-gal appears in the inscriptions of the Hurrian king Tish-atal of Urkesh, subsequent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Simut (god)
Simut or Šimut (Shimut) was an Elamite god. He was regarded as the herald of the gods, and was associated with the planet Mars. He was closely associated with Manzat (goddess), Manzat, a goddess representing the rainbow. He appears in inscriptions of various Elamite kings which mention a number of temples dedicated to him. However, it is not known which city served as his main cult center. He was also worshiped in Mesopotamia, where he was compared with the war god Nergal. Name Various spellings of Simut's name are attested in Elamite sources, including phonetic ''Dingir, dSi-mu-ut'', ''dŠi-mu-ut-ta'', ''dŠi-mu-ut'' and ''dŠi-mut'', as well as logographic dMAN/dPAP. The last spelling might be related to one of the Mesopotamian names of theplanet Mars, mulMAN-''ma'', "the strange star". It is also possible that in at least one location another logographic spelling of his name was Nindara, NIN.DAR.(A). The romanization "Simut" reflects the standard spelling of this theonym in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
