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Catodontherium
''Catodontherium'' is an extinct genus of Paleogene, Palaeogene artiodactyl belonging to the family Anoplotheriidae. It was endemic to Western Europe and had a temporal range exclusive to the middle Eocene, although its earliest appearance depends on whether ''C. argentonicum'' is truly a species of ''Catodontherium''. It was first named ''Catodus'' by the French palaeontologist Charles Depéret in 1906, who created two species for the genus and later changed the genus name to ''Catodontherium'' in 1908. The Swiss palaeontologist Hans Georg Stehlin renamed one species and classified two other newly erected species to ''Catodontherium'' in 1910. Today, there are four known species, although two remain questionable in genus placement. Similar to the other dacrytheriine ''Dacrytherium'' and unlike anoplotheriines such as ''Anoplotherium'', ''Catodontherium'' had a fossa for lacrimal sac, preorbital fossa. It also had cranial and dental morphologies typical of the Dacrytheriinae but ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leptotheridium
''Leptotheridium'' is an extinct genus of Palaeogene artiodactyl endemic to western Europe that lived from the Middle to Late Eocene. It was erected by the Swiss palaeontologist Hans Georg Stehlin in 1910 and contains the species ''L. lugeoni'' and ''L. traguloides''. Its phylogenetic position is unclear, with researchers determining that it belonged to either the Anoplotheriidae (specifically the subfamily Dacrytheriinae) or the Xiphodontidae due to its dental and postcranial anatomy. The small-sized artiodactyl genus is unique from its close relatives in that it seemingly lacks the first lower premolars, weak selenodonty (crescent-like ridges) in its dentition, and has three-lobed canines. It is one of the earlier artiodactyl species to have appeared in the fossil record of Europe. Taxonomy In 1910, the Swiss palaeontologist Hans Georg Stehlin erected the genus ''Leptotheridium'', which he stated had a dental form similar to that of ''Catodontherium''. The first species that ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dacrytherium
''Dacrytherium'' (Ancient Greek: (tear, teardrop) + (beast or wild animal) meaning "tear beast") is an extinct genus of Paleogene, Palaeogene artiodactyls belonging to the family Anoplotheriidae. It occurred from the Middle to Late Eocene of Western Europe and is the type genus of the subfamily Dacrytheriinae, the older of the two anoplotheriid subfamilies. ''Dacrytherium'' was first erected in 1876 by the French palaeontologist Henri Filhol, who recognised in his studies that it had dentition similar to the anoplotheriids ''Anoplotherium'' and ''Diplobune'' but differed from them by a deep preorbital fossa and a fossa for lacrimal sac, lacrimal fossa, the latter of which is where the genus name derives from. ''D. ovinum'', originally classified in ''Dichobune'', is the type species of ''Dacrytherium''. Henri Filhol named ''D. elegans'' in 1884, and Hans Georg Stehlin named the species ''D. priscum'' and ''D. saturnini'' in 1910. ''Dacrytherium'' was a medium-sized artiodactyl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dacrytheriinae
Anoplotheriidae is an extinct family of artiodactyl ungulates. They were endemic to Europe during the Eocene and Oligocene epochs about 44—30 million years ago. Its name is derived from the ("unarmed") and θήριον ("beast"), translating as "unarmed beast". Ecology Species of Anoplotheriidae varied substantially in size''. Diplobune minor'' is suggested to have weighted about '','' while ''Anoplotherium'' is suggested to have been up to in weight. ''Anoplotherium'' is thought to have been a browser that reared up on its hind legs to feed, while ''Diplobune'' is suggested to have been an arboreal climbing animal. Systematics and taxonomy The family Anoplotheriidae was assigned to Belluae by Bonaparte (who named it Anoplotheriina) in 1850; to Artiodactyla by Cope in 1889, to Ruminantia by Gregory in 1910, and finally to its own superfamily Anoplotherioidea by Romer in 1966. A 2019 study considered them to be closely related to Cainotheriidae, another group of endemic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anoplotherium
''Anoplotherium'' is the type genus of the extinct Paleogene, Palaeogene artiodactyl family Anoplotheriidae, which was endemic to Western Europe. It lived from the Late Eocene to the earliest Oligocene. It was the fifth fossil mammal genus to be described with official taxonomic authority, with a history extending back to 1804 when its fossils from Montmartre in Paris, France were first described by the French naturalist Georges Cuvier. Discoveries of incomplete skeletons of ''A. commune'' in 1807 led Cuvier to thoroughly describe unusual features for which there are no modern analogues. His drawn skeletal and muscle reconstructions of ''A. commune'' in 1812 were amongst the first instances of anatomical reconstructions based on fossil evidence. Cuvier's contributions to palaeontology based on his works on the genus were revolutionary for the field, not only proving the developing ideas of extinction and ecological succession but also paving the way for subfields such as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anoplotheriidae
Anoplotheriidae is an extinct family of artiodactyl ungulates. They were endemic to Europe during the Eocene and Oligocene epochs about 44—30 million years ago. Its name is derived from the ("unarmed") and θήριον ("beast"), translating as "unarmed beast". Ecology Species of Anoplotheriidae varied substantially in size''. Diplobune minor'' is suggested to have weighted about '','' while ''Anoplotherium'' is suggested to have been up to in weight. '' Anoplotherium'' is thought to have been a browser that reared up on its hind legs to feed, while ''Diplobune'' is suggested to have been an arboreal climbing animal. Systematics and taxonomy The family Anoplotheriidae was assigned to Belluae by Bonaparte (who named it Anoplotheriina) in 1850; to Artiodactyla by Cope in 1889, to Ruminantia by Gregory in 1910, and finally to its own superfamily Anoplotherioidea by Romer in 1966. A 2019 study considered them to be closely related to Cainotheriidae, another group of en ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brachydont
The molars or molar teeth are large, flat teeth at the back of the mouth. They are more developed in mammals. They are used primarily to grind food during chewing. The name ''molar'' derives from Latin, ''molaris dens'', meaning "millstone tooth", from ''mola'', millstone and ''dens'', tooth. Molars show a great deal of diversity in size and shape across the mammal groups. The third molar of humans is sometimes vestigial. Human anatomy In humans, the molar teeth have either four or five cusps. Adult humans have 12 molars, in four groups of three at the back of the mouth. The third, rearmost molar in each group is called a wisdom tooth. It is the last tooth to appear, breaking through the front of the gum at about the age of 20, although this varies among individuals and populations, and in many cases the tooth is missing. The human mouth contains upper (maxillary) and lower (mandibular) molars. They are: maxillary first molar, maxillary second molar, maxillary third molar, man ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Premolar
The premolars, also called premolar Tooth (human), teeth, or bicuspids, are transitional teeth located between the Canine tooth, canine and Molar (tooth), molar teeth. In humans, there are two premolars per dental terminology#Quadrant, quadrant in the permanent teeth, permanent set of teeth, making eight premolars total in the mouth. They have at least two Cusp (dentistry), cusps. Premolars can be considered transitional teeth during chewing, or mastication. They have properties of both the canines, that lie anterior and molars that lie Posterior (anatomy), posterior, and so food can be transferred from the canines to the premolars and finally to the molars for grinding, instead of directly from the canines to the molars. Human anatomy The premolars in humans are the maxillary first premolar, maxillary second premolar, mandibular first premolar, and the mandibular second premolar. Premolar teeth by definition are permanent teeth Anatomical terms of location#Proximal and distal, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ludwig Ruetimeyer
(Karl) Ludwig Rütimeyer (26 February 1825 in Biglen, Canton of Bern – 25 November 1895 in Basel) was a Swiss zoologist, anatomist and paleontologist, who is considered one of the fathers of zooarchaeology. Career Rütimeyer studied at the University of Bern. He began his studies in theology before switching to medicine.Hopwood, Nick. (2015). ''Haeckel's Embryos: Images, Evolution, and Fraud''. University of Chicago Press. p. 92. Additional studies in Paris, London, and Leyden were in natural science. Ultimately, he got a habilitation from Bern, becoming the professor of zoology and comparative anatomy at the University of Basel. An area of specialization was the extinct fauna of Switzerland. Another area was the history of various mammalian species. His work in zooarchaeology included a report in 1861 about the remains of fish and domesticated animals from Swiss palafitte settlements. Rütimeyer was an advocate of evolution but rejected natural selection and held anti-materia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oligocene
The Oligocene ( ) is a geologic epoch (geology), epoch of the Paleogene Geologic time scale, Period that extends from about 33.9 million to 23 million years before the present ( to ). As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the epoch are well identified but the exact dates of the start and end of the epoch are slightly uncertain. The name Oligocene was coined in 1854 by the German paleontologist Heinrich Ernst Beyrich from his studies of marine beds in Belgium and Germany. The name comes from Ancient Greek (''olígos'') 'few' and (''kainós'') 'new', and refers to the sparsity of Neontology, extant forms of Mollusca, molluscs. The Oligocene is preceded by the Eocene Epoch and is followed by the Miocene Epoch. The Oligocene is the third and final epoch of the Paleogene Period. The Oligocene is often considered an important time of transition, a link between the archaic world of the tropical Eocene and the more modern ecosystems of the Miocene. Major chang ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nomen Nudum
In Taxonomy (biology), taxonomy, a ''nomen nudum'' ('naked name'; plural ''nomina nuda'') is a designation which looks exactly like a scientific name of an organism, and may have originally been intended to be one, but it has not been published with an adequate description. This makes it a "bare" or "naked" name, which cannot be accepted as it stands. A largely equivalent but much less frequently used term is ''nomen tantum'' ("name only"). Sometimes, "''nomina nuda''" is erroneously considered a synonym for the term "unavailable names". However, not all unavailable names are ''nomina nuda'' which applies to published names, ''i.e.'' any published name that does not fulfill the requirements of Article 12 (if published before 1931) or Article 13 (if published after 1930). In zoology According to the rules of zoological nomenclature a ''nomen nudum'' is unavailable name, unavailable; the glossary of the ''International Code of Zoological Nomenclature'' gives this definition: And ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
