|
Caletes
The Caletes or Caleti (Gaulish: ''Caletoi'' "the hard tubborn, toughones"; or ''Calētī'') were a Belgic or Gallic tribe dwelling in Pays de Caux, in present-day Normandy, during the Iron Age and the Roman period. Name They are mentioned as ''Caletes'' (var. ''Caletos'', ''Cadetes'') by Caesar (mid-1st c. BC), as ''Káletoi'' (Κάλετοι) and ''Kalétous'' (Καλέτους) by Strabo (early 1st c. AD), as ''Galetos'' (var. ''Galletos'') by Pliny (1st c. AD), as ''Kalē̃tai'' (Καλη̃ται) by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD), and as ''Caleti'' by Orosius (early 5th c. AD). The Gaulish ethnonym ''Caletoi'' literally means 'the hard ones', that is to say 'the stubborn' or 'the tough'. It derives from the Proto-Celtic stem ''*kaleto''- ('hard, cruel, strong'; cf. Old Irish ''calath'' 'heroic,'' Middle Welsh ''caled'' 'hard'), itself from Proto-Indo-European ''*ḱelto''-, meaning 'cold' (cf. Avest. ''sarǝta-'' 'cold', OEng. 'hero', Lat. 'to be hardened y the experience inse ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pays De Caux
The Pays de Caux (, , literally ''Land of Caux'') is an area in Normandy occupying the greater part of the French '' département'' of Seine Maritime in Normandy. It is a chalk plateau to the north of the Seine Estuary and extending to the cliffs on the English Channel coast; its coastline is known as the Côte d'Albâtre. In the east, it borders on the Pays de Bray where the strata below the chalk show through. Cauchois is a notable dialect of the Norman language. The Pays de Caux is one of the remaining strongholds of the Norman language outside the Cotentin (or Cherbourg) peninsula. The principal communities are Le Havre, Dieppe, Fécamp, Yvetot, and Étretat. Etymology In the Norman language ''caux'' means lime, calcium carbonate. In French, for comparison, the word is ''chaux'' (the French 'ch' being pronounced as an English 'sh'. Example: Caux dialect ''candelle'', English ''candle'', French ''chandelle''). The name of the neighbouring '' Pays de Bray'' c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ambiani
The Ambiani (Gaulish: ''Ambiāni'', 'those around') were a Belgic coastal tribe dwelling in the modern Picardy region during the Iron Age and Roman periods. They settled in the region between the 4th century and the second part of the 2nd century BC. In 113–101 BC, they took part in the fights against the Cimbri and Teutoni invaders during the Cimbrian War. In 57 and 52 BC, they participated in Gallic coalitions against Caesar, before their eventual subjugation by Rome in 51 BC. The Ambiani are known for their gold coinage, found in both northern France and Britain, which attest of extensive trading relations across the Channel. Name They are mentioned as ''Ambianos'' and ''Ambianis'' by Caesar (mid-1st c. BC), ''Ambianos'' in the summary of Livy's ''Ab Urbe Condita Libri'' (late 1st c. BC), ''Ambianoì'' (Ἀμβιανοὶ) and ''Ambianoĩs'' (Ἀμβιανοῖς) by Strabo (early 1st c. AD), ''Ambiani'' by Pliny (1st c. AD), ''Ambianoí'' (Ἀμβιανοί) by Ptolemy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Harfleur
Harfleur () is a Communes of France, commune in the Seine-Maritime Departments of France, department in the Normandy (administrative region), Normandy Regions of France, region of northern France. It was the principal seaport in north-western France for six centuries, until Le Havre was built about five kilometres (three miles) downstream in the sixteenth century to take advantage of anchorages less prone to siltation. Harfleur is now on the eastern edge of Le Havre's urban area. Geography A light industry, light industrial town situated in the Pays de Caux by the banks of the Seine and Lézarde (Seine), Lézarde rivers, some east of Le Havre, at the junction of the N282, D231 and D9015 roads. Harfleur station has rail connections to Fécamp and Le Havre. History In Ancient Rome, Roman times, Harfleur was known as ''Caracotinum'', the principal port of the ancient Calates. A Roman road led from Harfleur to Troyes. Another road that disappeared during the Hundred Years War link ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Catoslugi
The Catuslugi (Gaulish: *''Catuslōgoi'', 'troops of combat'; also Catuslougi, Catoslugi) were a small Belgic coastal tribe dwelling around modern-day Incheville (Normandy) during the Roman period. Name Attestations The Catuslugi are not mentioned by Caesar; the ancient name ''Catuslougi'' is rendered from an allusion of the 1st-century AD writer Pliny (''Catoslugi'', var. ''catu''-, ''castologi''), complemented by two Gallo-Roman inscriptions referring to the region ''as pago Catuslou(go)'' and ''pago Catus(lougo)'' (early-3rd c. AD). Etymology The ethnonym ''Catuslōgi'' (or ''Catuslougi'') is a latinized form of Gaulish ''*Catuslōgoi'' (sing. ''Catuslōgos''), meaning 'troops of combat'. It derives from the stem ''catu-'' ('combat'; cf. OIr. ''cath'' 'battle, troop', OW. ''cad'' 'battle') attached to ''slougo-'' ('troop, army, group'; cf. OIr. '' slúag'' 'troop, army, crowd, assembly', MW. ''llu'' 'troop', Old Bret. -''lu'' 'army'). The original meaning of *''slou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Veliocasses
The Veliocasses or Velocasses (Gaulish: *''Weliocassēs'') were a Belgic or Gallic tribe of the La Tène and Roman periods, dwelling in the south of modern Seine-Maritime and in the north of Eure. Name They are mentioned as ''Veliocasses'' by Caesar (mid-1st c. BC) and Pliny (1st c. AD), as (; var. ) by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD), and as ''Velocasses'' by Orosius (early 5th c. AD)., s.v. ''Veliocasses''. The meaning of the Gaulish ethnonym is uncertain. The first part is certainly the Gaulish stem , which could either derive from Proto-Celtic ('modesty'; cf. OIr. , OBret. 'honestas'), or else from Proto-Celtic ('better'; cf. Welsh 'better'). The second etymology is semantically more probable for a tribal name, but the unknown length of the vowel ''e'' in ''uelio-'' makes it difficult to conclude with certainty. The meaning of the second element ''-casses'', attested in other Gaulish ethnonyms such as '' Bodiocasses'', '' Durocasses'', '' Sucasses'', '' Tricasses'', or '' Vid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gaulish Language
Gaulish is an extinct Celtic language spoken in parts of Continental Europe before and during the period of the Roman Empire. In the narrow sense, Gaulish was the language of the Celts of Gaul (now France, Luxembourg, Belgium, most of Switzerland, Northern Italy, as well as the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine). In a wider sense, it also comprises varieties of Celtic that were spoken across much of central Europe (" Noric"), parts of the Balkans, and Anatolia (" Galatian"), which are thought to have been closely related. The more divergent Lepontic of Northern Italy has also sometimes been subsumed under Gaulish. Together with Lepontic and the Celtiberian spoken in the Iberian Peninsula, Gaulish is a member of the geographic group of Continental Celtic languages. The precise linguistic relationships among them, as well as between them and the modern Insular Celtic languages, are uncertain and a matter of ongoing debate because of their spar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Avestan
Avestan ( ) is the liturgical language of Zoroastrianism. It belongs to the Iranian languages, Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages, Indo-European language family and was First language, originally spoken during the Avestan period, Old Iranian period ( – 400 BCE) by the Arya (Iran), Iranians living in the Avestan geography, eastern portion of Greater Iran. After Avestan Language death, became extinct, its religious texts were first transmitted Oral literature, orally until being collected and Sasanian Avesta, put into writing during the Sasanian empire, Sasanian period ( – 500 CE). The Avesta, extant material falls into two Variety (linguistics), groups: Old Avestan ( – 900 BCE) and Younger Avestan ( – 400 BCE). The immediate ancestor of Old Avestan was the Proto-Iranian language, a sister language to the Proto-Indo-Aryan language, with both having developed from the earlier Proto-Indo-Iranian language. As such, Old Avestan is quite close in both grammar and lexi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roman Empire
The Roman Empire ruled the Mediterranean and much of Europe, Western Asia and North Africa. The Roman people, Romans conquered most of this during the Roman Republic, Republic, and it was ruled by emperors following Octavian's assumption of effective sole rule in 27 BC. The Western Roman Empire, western empire collapsed in 476 AD, but the Byzantine Empire, eastern empire lasted until the fall of Constantinople in 1453. By 100 BC, the city of Rome had expanded its rule from the Italian peninsula to most of the Mediterranean Sea, Mediterranean and beyond. However, it was severely destabilised by List of Roman civil wars and revolts, civil wars and political conflicts, which culminated in the Wars of Augustus, victory of Octavian over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, and the subsequent conquest of the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Egypt. In 27 BC, the Roman Senate granted Octavian overarching military power () and the new title of ''Augustus (title), Augustus'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gallia Belgica
Gallia Belgica ("Belgic Gaul") was a Roman province, province of the Roman Empire located in the north-eastern part of Roman Gaul, in what is today primarily northern France, Belgium, and Luxembourg, along with parts of the Netherlands and Germany. Before the Roman province came into existence in about 50 BC, the region was conquered by Julius Caesar during his Gallic Wars. His report, the ''Commentarii de Bello Gallico'', described Belgic Gaul as one of the three parts of Gaul (Tres Galliæ), the other two being Gallia Aquitania and Gallia Lugdunensis. Belgica stretched from the Marne River, Marne and Seine rivers, which Caesar described as a cultural boundary between the Belgae and the Celts, Celtic Gauls. In the north and east it stretched all the way to the Rhine. The official Roman province of this name was later created by emperor Augustus in 22 BC, and named after the Belgae, as the largest tribal confederation in the area. However, it also included the territories of the T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Armorica
In ancient times, Armorica or Aremorica (Gaulish: ; ; ) was a region of Gaul between the Seine and the Loire that includes the Brittany Peninsula, and much of historical Normandy. Name The name ''Armorica'' is a Latinized form of the Gaulish toponym , which literally means 'place in front of the sea'. It is formed with the prefix ''are''- ('in front of') attached to -''mori''- ('sea') and the feminine suffix ''-(i)cā'', denoting the localization (or provenance). The inhabitants of the region were called ''Aremorici'' (sing. ''Aremoricos''), formed with the stem ''are-mori''- extended by the determinative suffix -''cos''. It is glossed by the Latin ''antemarini'' in Endlicher's Glossary. The Slavs use a similar formation, ''Po-mor-jane'' ('those in front of the sea'), to designate the inhabitants of Pomerania. The Latin adjective ''Armoricani'' was an administrative term designating in particular a sector of the Roman defence line in Gaul in Late Antiquity, the ''Tractus Ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Port
A port is a maritime facility comprising one or more wharves or loading areas, where ships load and discharge cargo and passengers. Although usually situated on a sea coast or estuary, ports can also be found far inland, such as Hamburg, Manchester and Duluth; these access the sea via rivers or canals. Because of their roles as ports of entry for immigrants as well as soldiers in wartime, many port cities have experienced dramatic multi-ethnic and multicultural changes throughout their histories. Ports are extremely important to the global economy; 70% of global merchandise trade by value passes through a port. For this reason, ports are also often densely populated settlements that provide the labor for processing and handling goods and related services for the ports. Today by far the greatest growth in port development is in Asia, the continent with some of the world's largest and busiest ports, such as Singapore and the Chinese ports of Shanghai and Ningbo-Zhoushan. As ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
