COP400
The COP400 or COP II is a 4-bit microcontroller family introduced in 1977 by National Semiconductor as a follow-on product to their original PMOS COP microcontroller. COP400 family members are complete microcomputers containing internal timing, logic, ROM, RAM, and I/O necessary to implement dedicated controllers. Some COP400 devices were second-sourced by Western Digital as the WD4200 family. In the Soviet Union several COP400 microcontrollers were manufactured as the 1820 series (e.g. the COP402 with designation ''КР1820ВЕ1''). The COP400 is implemented in CMOS or N-channel silicon gate MOS technology. It was typically packaged in 24- or 28-pin DIP packages. Instruction cycle time of the faster family members is 4 microseconds. The COP400 family offered several memory and pinout configurations. Notable products that used COP400-family chips include the Apple Lisa, Milton Bradley and Mattel electronic games, Coleco Head to Head Basketball, the Grundy Newbrain, and others ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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COP8
The National Semiconductor COP8 is an 8-bit CISC core microcontroller. COP8 is an enhancement to the earlier COP400 4-bit microcontroller family. COP8 main features are: * Large amount of I/O pins * Up to 32 KB of Flash memory/ROM for code and data * Very low EMI * Many integrated peripherals (meant as single chip design) * In-System Programming * Free assembler toolchain. Commercial C compilers available * Free Multitasking OS and TCP/IP stack * Peak of 2 million instructions per second The COP8 has a basic instruction cycle time 1/10 of the clock frequency; a maximum 10 MHz clock will result in a maximum 1 MHz instruction execution rate. (The 10 MHz clock is used directly by some timer peripherals.) The maximum instruction execution rate is 1 cycle per byte, and most 1-byte instructions operate in one instruction cycle. Some, particularly branch instructions, take one or two cycles more. Some models include a clock doubler, and although they sti ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Barrel Processor
A barrel processor is a CPU that switches between threads of execution on every cycle. This CPU design technique is also known as "interleaved" or "fine-grained" temporal multithreading. Unlike simultaneous multithreading in modern superscalar architectures, it generally does not allow execution of multiple instructions in one cycle. Like preemptive multitasking, each thread of execution is assigned its own program counter and other hardware registers (each thread's architectural state). A barrel processor can guarantee that each thread will execute one instruction every ''n'' cycles, unlike a preemptive multitasking machine, that typically runs one thread of execution for tens of millions of cycles, while all other threads wait their turn. A technique called C-slowing can automatically generate a corresponding barrel processor design from a single-tasking processor design. An ''n''-way barrel processor generated this way acts much like ''n'' separate multiprocessing copie ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Opcode Prefix
In computing, an opcode prefix is an numeric value that alters the function of a following opcode. On some instruction set architectures multiple opcode prefixes are allowed sequentially, with all combining to alter the subsequent opcode. The opcode prefix is a portion of a larger machine language instruction that specifies the operation to be performed. In addition to the opcode, some instructions specify the operands the operation will act upon. Opcode prefixes may alter the number or size of the operands. RISC processors do not use opcode prefixes. Types of prefixes Opcode prefixes generally fall into two categories: # Opcode prefixes that alter subsequent opcode functions. # Opcode prefixes that enable an alternate set of opcodes. This is analogous to the shift key on a keyboard. In this way, instruction sets can be extended by adding a subset of new instructions by reusing existing reserved opcodes. Example opcode prefixes The following is not intended to be an exhaustiv ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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NOP (code)
In computer science, a NOP, no-op, or NOOP (pronounced "no op"; short for no operation) is a machine language instruction and its assembly language mnemonic, programming language statement, or computer protocol command that does nothing. Machine language instructions Some computer instruction sets include an instruction whose purpose is to not change the state of any of the programmer-accessible registers, status flags, or memory. It often takes a well-defined number of clock cycles to execute. In other instruction sets, there is no explicit NOP instruction, but the assembly language mnemonic NOP represents an instruction which acts as a NOP; e.g., on the SPARC, sethi 0, %g0. A NOP must not access memory, as that could cause a memory fault or page fault. A NOP is most commonly used for timing purposes, to force memory alignment, to prevent hazards, to occupy a branch delay slot, to render void an existing instruction such as a jump, as a target of an execute i ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Grundy Newbrain
The Grundy NewBrain was a line of microcomputers launched in 1982 by Grundy Business Systems Ltd of Teddington and Cambridge, England. A contemporary of the ZX80 and BBC Micro, the NewBrain was mostly used in business settings. It is notable for its chicklet keyboard and models that featured a one-line display, allowing them to be used as a portable computer, in addition to television output. Another unique feature of the system was NewBrain BASIC, a BASIC, BASIC programming language that featured an on-the-fly compiler. Originally designed at Sinclair Radionics, government ownership of that company led to Clive Sinclair leaving the company and starting a new low-cost design, the ZX80. It was considered for the BBC Micro project, but development was not complete and that was won by Acorn Computers instead. The design was then sold off by the government to recently formed Grundy. Grundy produced the system between 1982 and 1983, with approximately 50,000 units sold during this ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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National Semiconductor
National Semiconductor Corporation was an United States of America, American Semiconductor manufacturing, semiconductor manufacturer, which specialized in analogue electronics, analog devices and subsystems, formerly headquartered in Santa Clara, California, Santa Clara, California. The company produced power management integrated circuits, display drivers, Audio amplifier, audio and operational amplifiers, communication interface products and data conversion solutions. National's key markets included wireless handsets, displays and a variety of broad electronics markets, including medical, automotive, industrial and test and measurement applications. On September 23, 2011, the company formally became part of Texas Instruments as the "Silicon Valley" division. History Founding National Semiconductor was founded in Danbury, Connecticut, by Dr. Bernard J. Rothlein on May 27, 1959, when he and seven colleagues, Edward N. Clarke, Joseph J. Gruber, Milton Schneider, Robert L. Hopkins, ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Byte
The byte is a unit of digital information that most commonly consists of eight bits. Historically, the byte was the number of bits used to encode a single character of text in a computer and for this reason it is the smallest addressable unit of memory in many computer architectures. To disambiguate arbitrarily sized bytes from the common 8-bit definition, network protocol documents such as the Internet Protocol () refer to an 8-bit byte as an octet. Those bits in an octet are usually counted with numbering from 0 to 7 or 7 to 0 depending on the bit endianness. The size of the byte has historically been hardware-dependent and no definitive standards existed that mandated the size. Sizes from 1 to 48 bits have been used. The six-bit character code was an often-used implementation in early encoding systems, and computers using six-bit and nine-bit bytes were common in the 1960s. These systems often had memory words of 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 48, or 60 bits, corresponding t ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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LJN Toys Ltd
LJN Toys Ltd. was an American toy company and video game publisher founded by Jack Friedman in 1967. MCA Inc. acquired the company in 1985, and sold to Acclaim Entertainment in 1990. The toy division of the company was closed by Acclaim and a majority of its employees were fired as the company was shifted towards video game publishing. It was closed in 1994, but its label was used once more in 2000. History Early history (1967–1985) Jack Friedman founded LJN in 1967 using funds from his employer Norman J. Lewis Associates (from which the company name "LJN" is derived, being a reversal of Lewis' initials) after seeing the sale figures of Mattel and Milton Bradley Company increase. Friedman later founded THQ and Jakks Pacific after leaving LJN. LJN shifted money used for television advertising to instead purchase licenses to make toys based on television shows. The first toyline by LJN based on a television show was for ''Emergency!'' The highest amount the company paid for a l ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Milton Bradley Company
Milton Bradley Company or simply Milton Bradley (MB) was an American board game manufacturer established by Milton Bradley (1836-1911) in Springfield, Massachusetts, Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1860. In 1920, it absorbed the game production of McLoughlin Brothers, formerly the largest game manufacturer in the United States. It was acquired by Hasbro in 1984, and merged with their subsidiary Parker Brothers in 1998. The brand name continued to be used by Hasbro until 2009. History Foundation file:Milton bradley portrait.jpg, left, 150px, Milton Bradley, founder Milton Bradley found success making board games. In 1860, Milton Bradley moved to Springfield, Massachusetts, and set up the state's first color lithography shop. Its graphic design of Abraham Lincoln sold well, until Lincoln grew his beard and rendered the likeness out-of-date. Struggling to find a new way to use his lithography machine, Bradley visited his friend George Tapley. Tapley challenged him to a game, most li ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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ANT Nachrichtentechnik DBT-03-9966
Ants are eusocial insects of the family Formicidae and, along with the related wasps and bees, belong to the order Hymenoptera. Ants evolved from vespoid wasp ancestors in the Cretaceous period. More than 13,800 of an estimated total of 22,000 species have been classified. They are easily identified by their geniculate (elbowed) antennae and the distinctive node-like structure that forms their slender waists. Ants form colonies that range in size from a few dozen individuals often living in small natural cavities to highly organised colonies that may occupy large territories with sizeable nest that consist of millions of individuals or into the hundreds of millions in super colonies. Typical colonies consist of various castes of sterile, wingless females, most of which are workers (ergates), as well as soldiers (dinergates) and other specialised groups. Nearly all ant colonies also have some fertile males called "drones" and one or more fertile females called "queens" (gyn ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Architectural State
Architectural state is the collection of information in a computer system that defines the state of a program during execution. Architectural state includes main memory, architectural registers, and the program counter. Architectural state is defined by the instruction set architecture and can be manipulated by the programmer using instructions. A core dump is a file recording the architectural state of a computer program at some point in time, such as when it has crashed. Examples of architectural state include: * Main Memory (Primary storage) * Control registers ** Instruction flag registers (such as EFLAGS in x86) ** Interrupt mask registers ** Memory management unit registers ** Status registers * General purpose registers (such as AX, BX, CX, DX, etc. in x86) ** Address registers ** Counter registers **Index registers ** Stack registers ** String registers Architectural state is not microarchitectural state. Microarchitectural state is hidden machine state used for ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |