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CCS Combo 1
SAE J1772, also known as a J plug or Type 1 connector after its international standard, IEC 62196 Type 1, is a North American standard for electrical connectors for electric vehicles maintained by SAE International under the formal title "SAE Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice J1772, SAE Electric Vehicle Conductive Charge Coupler". The SAE maintains the general physical, electrical, communication protocol, and performance requirements for the electric vehicle conductive charge system and coupler. The intent is to define a common electric vehicle conductive charging system architecture including operational requirements and the functional and dimensional requirements for the vehicle inlet and mating connector. The J1772 5-pin standard supports a wide range of single-phase (1φ) alternating current (AC) charging rates. They range from portable devices that can connect to a household NEMA 5-15 outlet that can deliver 1.44 kW (12 A @ 120 V) to hardwired equipment th ...
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Direct Current
Direct current (DC) is one-directional electric current, flow of electric charge. An electrochemical cell is a prime example of DC power. Direct current may flow through a conductor (material), conductor such as a wire, but can also flow through semiconductors, electrical insulation, insulators, or even through a vacuum as in electron beam, electron or ion beams. The electric current flows in a constant direction, distinguishing it from alternating current (AC). A archaism, term formerly used for this type of current was galvanic current. The abbreviations ''AC'' and ''DC'' are often used to mean simply ''alternating'' and ''direct'', as when they modify ''Electric current, current'' or ''voltage''. Direct current may be converted from an alternating current supply by use of a rectifier, which contains Electronics, electronic elements (usually) or electromechanical elements (historically) that allow current to flow only in one direction. Direct current may be converted into alt ...
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Chrysler
FCA US, LLC, Trade name, doing business as Stellantis North America and known historically as Chrysler ( ), is one of the "Big Three (automobile manufacturers), Big Three" automobile manufacturers in the United States, headquartered in Auburn Hills, Michigan. It is the American subsidiary of the multinational automotive company Stellantis. Stellantis North America sells vehicles worldwide under the Chrysler (brand), Chrysler, Dodge, Jeep, and Ram Trucks nameplates. It also includes Mopar, its automotive parts and accessories division, and Street and Racing Technology, SRT, its performance automobile division. The division also distributes Alfa Romeo, Fiat, and Maserati vehicles in North America. The original Chrysler Corporation was founded in 1925 by Walter Chrysler from the remains of the Maxwell Motor Company. In 1998, it merged with Daimler AG, Daimler-Benz, which renamed itself DaimlerChrysler but in 2007 sold off its Chrysler stake. The company operated as Chrysler LLC thr ...
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Smart (marque)
Smart (stylized in lowercase) is a German automotive brand, marque established in 1994. Smart Automobile Co., Ltd. is a joint venture established by Mercedes-Benz AG and Geely, Zhejiang Geely Holding Group in 2019 and aimed at producing Smart-badged cars in China to be marketed globally. The venture is headquartered in Ningbo. Originally, Smart was known for producing microcars and Subcompact car, subcompacts, primarily the Smart Fortwo, Fortwo and Smart Forfour, Forfour, at Smartville, Hambach, France, Smartville in Hambach, Moselle, France and additionally at Renault's Revoz plant (Novo Mesto, Slovenia). Since its restructuring in 2019, the brand now produces small battery electric vehicles at a manufacturing plant in China, with distribution, marketing and aftersales activities in Europe handled by Smart Europe GmbH, which is headquartered in Stuttgart, Germany. The marque was founded in 1994 by Micro Compact Car AG (MCC), a joint venture between Swatch, SMH and Daimler-Benz. ...
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Underwriters Laboratories
The UL enterprise is a global private safety company headquartered in Northbrook, Illinois, composed of three organizations, UL Research Institutes, UL Standards & Engagement and UL Solutions. Established in 1894, the UL enterprise was founded as the Underwriters' Electrical Bureau (a bureau of the National Board of Fire Underwriters), and was known throughout the 20th century as Underwriters Laboratories. On January 1, 2012, Underwriters Laboratories became the parent company of a for-profit company in the U.S. named UL LLC, a limited liability company, which took over the product testing and certification business. On June 26, 2022, the companies rebranded into three distinct organizations that make up the UL enterprise. The company is one of several companies approved to perform safety testing by the U.S. federal agency Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). OSHA maintains a list of approved testing laboratories, which are known as Nationally Recognized Testi ...
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Yazaki
is a global automotive parts supplier with a focus on wire harnesses, instruments and components such as connectors and terminals. The company's origin and headquarters are in Japan, but in 2011, roughly 90% of its employees were outside the home country. Yazaki ranks among the largest worldwide automotive suppliers, ranked 13th by the industry journal Automotive News in 2015. The company's product lineup includes electrical cables, meter and auto instruments, gas equipment, air-conditioning, and solar-powered systems. As a first tier supplier, Yazaki sells chiefly to auto manufacturers, and, to a lesser extent, electric power, gas, and general construction companies. Yazaki is among the top 100 companies receiving the most US patents. The Yazaki Group's corporate headquarters are located in the Mita-Kokusai Building (三田国際ビル ''Mita Kokusai Biru'') in Mita, in Minato, Tokyo, Japan. Its main R&D center and its World Headquarters are located in the Y-city compound i ...
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Avcon
Avcon Corporation was a company that manufactured charging interfaces for early battery electric vehicles (BEV). The lettering convention is Avcon for the company and AVCON (capitals) for the EV charging connector. The company had ceased operation in 2007. AVCON coupler was deprecated the following year. History Avcon belonged to the Maréchal Electric group of companies, which has its primary corporate headquarters in France. Maréchal established the MELTRIC Corporation in 1981 to market products for North America; MELTRIC, in turn, registered the trademark for Avcon Corporation in 1995. The initial registered address for Avcon was in Cudahy, Wisconsin.The company ceased operation in 2007. On April 10, 2020, the United States Patent and Trademark Office SPTOinvalidated the company’s trademark. AVCON coupler system The AVCON conductive interface was used by the Ford Ranger EV truck, Solectria, and the Honda EV Plus. The AVCON conductive EV charging coupler system consists ...
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Conductive Coupling
In electronics, direct coupling or DC coupling (also called conductive coupling and galvanic coupling) is the transfer of electrical energy by means of physical contact via a conductive medium, in contrast to inductive coupling and capacitive coupling. It is a way of interconnecting two circuits such that, in addition to transferring the AC signal (or information), the first circuit also provides DC bias to the second. Thus, DC blocking capacitors are not used or needed to interconnect the circuits. Conductive coupling passes the full spectrum of frequencies including direct current. Such coupling may be achieved by a wire, resistor, or common terminal, such as a binding post or metallic bonding. DC bias The provision of DC bias only occurs in a group of circuits that forms a single unit, such as an op-amp. Here the internal units or portions of the op-amp (like the input stage, voltage gain stage, and output stage) will be direct coupled and will also be used to set up the bi ...
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Electromagnetic Induction
Electromagnetic or magnetic induction is the production of an electromotive force, electromotive force (emf) across an electrical conductor in a changing magnetic field. Michael Faraday is generally credited with the discovery of induction in 1831, and James Clerk Maxwell mathematically described it as Faraday's law of induction. Lenz's law describes the direction of the induced field. Faraday's law was later generalized to become the Maxwell–Faraday equation, one of the four Maxwell's equations, Maxwell equations in his theory of electromagnetism. Electromagnetic induction has found many applications, including electrical components such as inductors and transformers, and devices such as electric motors and electric generator, generators. History Electromagnetic induction was discovered by Michael Faraday, published in 1831. It was discovered independently by Joseph Henry in 1832. In Faraday's first experimental demonstration, on August 29, 1831, he wrapped two wires aro ...
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Magne Charge
Magne Charge (also known as Magne-Charge, MagneCharge and J1773) is an obsolete inductive charging system used to charge battery electric vehicles (BEVs). History The Magne Charge inductive charger was developed by General Motors subsidiary Delco Electronics, based on SAE recommended practice J1773 for electric passenger vehicles, primarily GM products such as the General Motors EV1, EV1 and the Chevy S10 EV, however, the Nissan R'nessa#Nissan Altra, Nissan Altra and the first generation Toyota RAV4 EV also used the charger. J1773 was issued in 1995, revised in 1999, reaffirmed in 2009, and stabilized in 2014, indicating the recommended practice was frozen at the 1999 revision. Magne Charge support was withdrawn by General Motors in 2002, after the California Air Resources Board selected the competing AVCON conductive charging interface for electric vehicles in California in June 2001. Magne Charge has become obsolete as the last vehicles using it (S10 EV) were produced in 2003. I ...
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Toyota RAV4 EV
The Toyota RAV4 EV is an all-electric version of the popular RAV4 SUV produced by Toyota until 2014. Two generations of the EV model were sold in California, and to fleets elsewhere in the US, with a gap of almost ten years between them. The first generation was leased from 1997 to 2003, and at the lessees' request, many units were sold after the vehicle was discontinued. A total of 1,484 were leased and/or sold in California to meet the state's mandate for zero-emissions vehicle. A small number were sold or leased in fleet sales in other states. As of mid-2012, there were almost 500 vehicles still in use in California. Production of the second generation EV was limited to 2,600 units during a three-year run, with sales limited to California beginning in 2012. Production ended in September 2014. A total of 2,489 units of the second generation model were sold in California through April 2015. Toyota worked together with Tesla Motors and Panasonic to develop the second generati ...
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General Motors EV1
The General Motors EV1 is a battery electric car produced by the American automaker General Motors from 1996 until its demise in 1999. A subcompact car, the EV1 marked the introduction of mass produced and purpose-built battery electric vehicles. The conception of the EV1 dates back to 1990 when GM introduced the battery electric "Impact" prototype, upon which the design of the production EV1 was largely inspired. The California Air Resources Board enacted a mandate in 1990, stating that the seven leading automakers marketing vehicles in the United States must produce and sell zero-emissions vehicles to maintain access to the California market. Mass production commenced in 1996. In its initial stages of production, most of them were leased to consumers in California, Arizona, and Georgia. Within a year of the EV1's release, leasing programs were also launched in various other American states. In 1998 GM unveiled a series of adaptations for the EV1, encompassing a series h ...
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