Magne Charge
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Magne Charge (also known as Magne-Charge, MagneCharge and J1773) is an obsolete
inductive charging Inductive charging (also known as wireless charging or cordless charging) is a type of wireless power transfer. It uses electromagnetic induction to provide electricity to portable devices. Inductive charging is also used in vehicles, power tool ...
system used to charge
battery electric vehicle A battery electric vehicle (BEV), pure electric vehicle, only-electric vehicle, fully electric vehicle or all-electric vehicle is a type of electric vehicle (EV) that uses electrical energy exclusively from an electric vehicle battery, on-boa ...
s (BEVs).


History

The Magne Charge inductive charger was developed by
General Motors General Motors Company (GM) is an American Multinational corporation, multinational Automotive industry, automotive manufacturing company headquartered in Detroit, Michigan, United States. The company is most known for owning and manufacturing f ...
subsidiary
Delco Electronics Delco Electronics Corporation was the automotive electronics design and manufacturing subsidiary of General Motors based in Kokomo, Indiana, that manufactured ''Delco'' Automobile radios and other electric products found in GM cars. In 1972, Gen ...
, based on SAE recommended practice J1773 for electric passenger vehicles, primarily GM products such as the
EV1 The General Motors EV1 is a battery electric vehicle, battery electric car produced by the American automaker General Motors from 1996 until #Demise, its demise in 1999. A subcompact car, the EV1 marked the introduction of mass production, ma ...
and the
Chevy S10 EV The Chevrolet S-10 Electric was an American electric-powered vehicle built by Chevrolet. It was introduced in 1997, becoming the world's first electric pickup truck from the original manufacturer, updated in 1998, and then discontinued. It was ...
, however, the
Nissan Altra The is a station wagon manufactured by Nissan Motors from 1997 to 2001. According to Nissan, the name derives from "packaging renaissance for versatile, spacious comfort on wheels." It was produced by Nissan from October 1997 to July 2001, an ...
and the first generation Toyota RAV4 EV also used the charger. J1773 was issued in 1995, revised in 1999, reaffirmed in 2009, and stabilized in 2014, indicating the recommended practice was frozen at the 1999 revision. Magne Charge support was withdrawn by General Motors in 2002, after the
California Air Resources Board The California Air Resources Board (CARB or ARB) is an agency of the government of California that aims to reduce air pollution. Established in 1967 when then-governor Ronald Reagan signed the Mulford-Carrell Act, combining the Bureau of Air S ...
selected the competing
AVCON Avcon Corporation was a company that manufactured charging interfaces for early battery electric vehicles (BEV). The lettering convention is Avcon for the company and AVCON (capitals) for the EV charging connector. The company had ceased operatio ...
conductive charging interface for electric vehicles in
California California () is a U.S. state, state in the Western United States that lies on the West Coast of the United States, Pacific Coast. It borders Oregon to the north, Nevada and Arizona to the east, and shares Mexico–United States border, an ...
in June 2001. Magne Charge has become obsolete as the last vehicles using it (S10 EV) were produced in 2003. In addition, all EV1s and nearly all S10 EVs were lease-only; after the lease period expired,
General Motors General Motors Company (GM) is an American Multinational corporation, multinational Automotive industry, automotive manufacturing company headquartered in Detroit, Michigan, United States. The company is most known for owning and manufacturing f ...
recalled and destroyed nearly all of these early BEVs. The AVCON interface was integrated into the corresponding conductive SAE J1772 charging standard in 2001. AVCON itself was superseded in 2009 as the preferred interface in J1772 by the round Type 1 (Yazaki) connector, found on later BEVs such as the 2012 Gen 2 RAV4 EV,
Nissan Leaf The is a battery-electric car manufactured by Nissan, produced since 2010. It was offered exclusively as a 5-door hatchback until 2025, which since then has become a crossover SUV model. The term "LEAF" serves as a backronym to ''leading envir ...
and
Chevrolet Volt The Chevrolet Volt is an electric vehicle car that was manufactured by General Motors, and also marketed in rebadged variants as the Holden Volt in Australia and New Zealand and the Buick Velite 5 in China, and with a different fascia as the ...
.


Technical details

The charge coupler or paddle and vehicle inlet are inductively coupled to form two halves of an
electrical transformer In electrical engineering, a transformer is a passive component that transfers electrical energy from one electrical circuit to another circuit, or multiple circuits. A varying current in any coil of the transformer produces a varying magnetic ...
; in this case, the paddle is the primary winding and the inlet is the secondary winding. Power at utility line frequency (60 Hz) is transformed to high frequency alternating current (130 to 360 kHz) to minimize the size of the vehicle inlet portion of the transformer. The vehicle has on-board electronics to rectify the applied AC power to DC for battery charging. An infrared link is provided between the vehicle and paddle to communicate how much power is being drawn, according to feedback from the vehicle's on-board charge controller. The Level 2 charger which supplied 6.6 kW was the most common version. A higher-power (Level 3) "fast charge" version which supplied 50  kW was demonstrated in 1998. There were two inductive charge paddle sizes, an original large paddle and later small paddle, which were wide, respectively. These were often referred on electric vehicle charging station maps as SPI and LPI stations for Small Paddle Inductive and Large Paddle Inductive stations. The inductive coupling system was designed to be safe when used in the rain, and was demonstrated in operation fully submerged in water. In 2011 the
California Energy Commission The California Energy Commission, formally the Energy Resources Conservation and Development Commission, is the primary energy policy and energy planning, planning Government agency, agency for California. Created in 1974 and headquartered in S ...
created the Reconnect California Program, a grant program to upgrade and expand existing publicly available EV charging infrastructure to the latest version of the SAE J1772 charging standard. ClipperCreek managed the program and installed 799 charging ports at 313 legacy sites by 2020.


See also

* EO Charging *
Charging station A charging station, also known as a charge point, chargepoint, or electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE), is a power supply electrical device, device that supplies electrical power for recharging plug-in electric vehicles (including batter ...


References


External links

{{Commons category, Magne Charge
EV Charging Solution
Battery electric vehicles Charging stations