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Burna-Buriash
Burna-Buriaš II () was a Kassite king of Karduniaš (Babylon) in the Late Bronze Age, ca. 1359–1333 BC, where the Short and Middle chronologies have converged. The proverb "the time of checking the books is the shepherds' ordeal" was attributed to him in a letter to the later king Esarhaddon from his agent Mar-Issar. Reign Burna-Buriaš II (rendered in cuneiform as ''Bur-na-'' or ''Bur-ra-Bu-ri-ia-aš'', and meaning ''servant/protégé of the Lord of the lands'' in the Kassite language) is recorded as the 19th King to ascend the Kassite throne, he succeeded Kadašman-Enlil I, who was likely his father, and ruled for 27 years. International relations Egyptians Depending on synchronization with the "high" or "low" chronologies of Egypt, he was a contemporary of the Egyptian Pharaohs Amenhotep III, Akhenaten and Tutankhamen (low). The diplomatic correspondence between Burna-Buriaš and the pharaohs is preserved in nine of the Amarna letters, designated EA (for ''El Amarna' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amarna Letter EA 9
Amarna letter EA 9 is a tall, compact 38 line (capable of 55 lines) clay tablet letter of 3 paragraphs, in pristine condition, with few flaws on the clay. The photo of the reverse (pictured) shows half of Paragraph III, and some of the signs (out of focus). The letter is from King Burra-Buriyaš of Babylon (furthest country writing to Egypt) and is to the Pharaoh of Egypt (Egypt named ''Misri'' at Amarna letters time). Of note, the Pharaoh is named Neb-Kheper- Ra, (meaning King-Manifested-Ra), (King-transformed-(as)-Ra), and is spelled in cuneiform signs, ''Né-( ni)-eB iK- Pa- Ri, Ri-(iya)'', for "Neb-Kheper- Ra-(mine)", "(My) King, manifested Ra". The introductory, and salutory Paragraph I, highlights, ''peace'' (šalāmu-'' shu- ul- mu'') for King Burnaburiash, and wishes ''peace, and well-being'' to the Pharaoh, and on the many contingents of the Pharaoh's charge, wife, army, the country, etc. Paragraph II highlights the need for gold, for building a mausoleum for Burnabur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muballitat-Sherua
Muballitat-Sherua was a princess of Assyria, daughter of Ashur-uballit I. Biography Muballitat-Sherua was a daughter of the Assyrian king Ashur-uballit I (reigned 1363 and 1328 BC). Her father was the first to adopt the title ''king of Assyria''. She was married to the Babylonian king Burna-Buriash II Burna-Buriaš II () was a Kassite king of Karduniaš (Babylon) in the Late Bronze Age, ca. 1359–1333 BC, where the Short and Middle chronologies have converged. The proverb "the time of checking the books is the shepherds' ordeal" was attrib ..., who by that time had already been involved in royal intermarriage multiple times, sending several of his daughters to other courts. According to Amanda Prodany, the Babylonian king was probably well into middle age by the time he married Muballitat-Sherua. By Burna-Buriash she had Karahardash (Karaindash). He acceded to the Babylonian throne but was killed shortly thereafter during a rebellion. His death was later avenged by his ow ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karduniaš
Karduniaš (also transcribed Kurduniash, Karduniash or Karaduniše) is a Kassite term used for the kingdom centered on Babylonia and founded by the Kassite dynasty. It is used in the 1350-1335 BC Amarna letters correspondence, and is also used frequently in Middle Assyrian and Neo-Assyrian texts to refer to the kingdom of Babylon. The name Karaduniyaš is mainly used in the letters written between Kadashman-Enlil I or Burna-Buriash, Kings of Babylon, and the Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt - (called: Mizri), letters EA 1-EA 11, a subcorpus of letters, ( EA for 'el Amarna'). The etymology of the name combines the Semitic prefix "Kar" used to denote a city or land with a Kassite element "duniash" which is of uncertain meaning. There are two additional letters in the 382–letter Amarna corpus that reference Karaduniyaš. The first is a damaged, and partial letter, EA 200, (with no author), regarding " Ahlameans", (similar to the Suteans); the title is: ''"About Ahlameans" ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nazi-Bugash
Burna-Buriaš II () was a Kassite king of Karduniaš (Babylon) in the Late Bronze Age, ca. 1359–1333 BC, where the Short and Middle chronologies have converged. The proverb "the time of checking the books is the shepherds' ordeal" was attributed to him in a letter to the later king Esarhaddon from his agent Mar-Issar. Reign Burna-Buriaš II (rendered in cuneiform as ''Bur-na-'' or ''Bur-ra-Bu-ri-ia-aš'', and meaning ''servant/protégé of the Lord of the lands'' in the Kassite language) is recorded as the 19th King to ascend the Kassite throne, he succeeded Kadašman-Enlil I, who was likely his father, and ruled for 27 years. International relations Egyptians Depending on synchronization with the "high" or "low" chronologies of Egypt, he was a contemporary of the Egyptian Pharaohs Amenhotep III, Akhenaten and Tutankhamen (low). The diplomatic correspondence between Burna-Buriaš and the pharaohs is preserved in nine of the Amarna letters, designated EA (for ''El Amarna'') ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Canaan
CanaanThe current scholarly edition of the Septuagint, Greek Old Testament spells the word without any accents, cf. Septuaginta : id est Vetus Testamentum graece iuxta LXX interprets. 2. ed. / recogn. et emendavit Robert Hanhart. Stuttgart : Dt. Bibelges., 2006 . However, in modern Greek, the accentuation is , while the Novum Testamentum Graece, current (28th) scholarly edition of the New Testament has . was an Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples, ancient Semitic-speaking civilization and region of the Southern Levant during the late 2nd millennium BC. Canaan had significant geopolitical importance in the Late Bronze Age Amarna Period (14th century BC) as the area where the sphere of influence, spheres of interest of the Egyptian Empire, Egyptian, Hittites, Hittite, Mitanni, and Assyrian Empires converged or overlapped. Much of present-day knowledge about Canaan stems from Excavation (archaeology), archaeological excavation in this area at sites such as Tel Hazor, Tel Megiddo, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Satatna
Satatna was the ruler of the city-state of Akko (modern Acre, Israel) around 1350 BC. At the time the city was a vassal of Egypt. Reign Satatna (or Sitatna,Šutatna/''Shutatna') was the ruler of Akko. Amarna Letters In the Amarna Archive, Satatna was the author of three letters (EA 233-235) to the Pharaoh. He is also mentioned letters by Bayadi a mayor in Syria (EA 238) and Burna-Buriash of Karduniash (Babylon) (EA 8). Amarna Letter EA 08. In a letter by Burna-Buriash addressed to "Naphu'rure" of Egypt (Akhenaten or Tutankhamen), he is complaining about his merchants being detained in Canaan. He states "''After Ahu-tabu went to my brother, in Hinnatuna of Canaan, Sum-Adda, the son of Balumme, and Sutatna, the son of Saratum of Akka, sent their men, killed my merchants and took away their money''".Moran 192:16 A list of Satatna authored letters is as follows: :#EA 233—title: ''"Work in progress"'' :#EA 234—title: ''"Like Magdalu in Egypt"''. See: commissioner: Šut ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kadashman-Enlil I
Kadašman-Enlil I (m''ka-dáš-man-''dEN.LÍL in contemporary inscriptions) was a Kassite King of Babylon from ca. 1374 BC to 1360 BC, perhaps the 18th of the dynasty. p. 387 for date translation. Reign Correspondence with Egypt He is known to have been a contemporary of Amenhotep III of Egypt, with whom he corresponded ( Amarna letters). This places Kadašman-Enlil securely to the first half of the 14th century BC by most standard chronologies. Five cuneiform tablets are preserved in the Amarna letters corpus. The letters designated EA (for El Amarna) 1 through 5 include three letters authored by Kadašman-Enlil and two by Amenhotep III, who is addressed as and calls himself ''Nibmuareya'', or variants thereof (from Neb-Maat-Ra). In EA 1,Tablet EA 1, “The Pharaoh complains to the Babylonian King,” BM 029784 in the British Museumbr>CDLI to Kadašman-Enlil from Nibmuarea (Great King, the King of Egypt), he writes to assure Kadašman-Enlil that his sister, the daughter o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Middle Chronology
The chronology of the ancient Near East is a framework of dates for various events, rulers and dynasties. Historical inscriptions and texts customarily record events in terms of a succession of officials or rulers: "in the year X of king Y". Comparing many records pieces together a relative chronology relating dates in cities over a wide area. For the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC, this correlation is less certain but the following periods can be distinguished: * Early Bronze Age: Following the rise of cuneiform writing in the preceding Uruk period and Jemdet Nasr periods came a series of rulers and dynasties whose existence is based mostly on scant contemporary sources (e.g. En-me-barage-si), combined with archaeological cultures, some of which are considered problematic (e.g. Early Dynastic II). The lack of dendrochronology, astronomical correlations, and sparsity of modern, well-stratified sequences of radiocarbon dates from Southern Mesopotamia makes it difficult to assign a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kurigalzu II
Kurigalzu II (c. 1332–1308 BC short chronology) was the 22nd king of the Kassite or 3rd dynasty that ruled over Babylon. In more than twelve inscriptions, Kurigalzu names Burna-Buriaš II as his father. Kurigalzu II was placed on the Kassite throne by the Assyrian king Aššur-Uballiṭ I, reigned during a period of weakness and instability for twenty five years, eventually turning on his former allies and quite possibly defeating them at the battle of Sugagu. He was once thought to have been the conqueror of the Elamites but this now tends to be assigned to the earlier king of this name, together with the '' Chronicle P'' account. There is a gap of a little over forty years between his reign and that of his earlier namesake, Kurigalzu I and, as it was not customary to assign regnal year numbers, and they both had lengthy reigns, this makes it exceptionally difficult to distinguish for whom an inscription is intended. especially pages 205 - 207. A few royal inscriptions are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kara-hardash
Kara-hardash (Kara-ḫardaš), also rendered ''Kadashman-Harbe'' and possibly ''Karaindash'', was a king of Babylon. He became king of Babylon around 1333 BC. He was the son of the Assyrian princess Muballitat-Sherua and the Babylonian king who preceded him. His rule was short, as shortly after his appointment as king, he was killed in an anti-Assyrian revolt. His death was avenged by his grandfather, the Assyrian king Ashur-uballit I. After suppressing the revolt and removing the usurper appointed by the Kassites, the Assyrians appointed Kurigalzu as king. The latter's connection to the Assyrians is unclear. It is not excluded that he was Kara-hardash's son. Biography He was the son of the Assyrian princess Muballitat-Sherua, daughter of the Assyrian king Ashur-uballit I and sister of the future king Enlil-nirari. His maternal grandfather was the first to use the title ''king of Assyria''. In the ''Synchronistic History'', his name is spelled both Karahardash and Karaindash ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kurigalzu I
Kurigalzu I (died c. 1375 BC), usually inscribed ''ku- ri- gal-zu'' but also sometimes with the m or d determinative, the 17th king of the Kassite or 3rd dynasty that ruled over Babylon, was responsible for one of the most extensive and widespread building programs for which evidence has survived in Babylonia. The ''autobiography of Kurigalzu'' is one of the inscriptions which record that he was the son of Kadašman-Ḫarbe. ''Galzu'', whose possible native pronunciation was ''gal-du'' or ''gal-šu'', was the name by which the Kassites called themselves and Kurigalzu may mean ''Shepherd of the Kassites'' (line 23. ''Ku-ur-gal-zu'' = ''Ri-'-i-bi-ši-i'', in a Babylonian name-list). He was separated from his namesake, Kurigalzu II, by around forty-five years and as it was not the custom to assign regnal numbers and they both had lengthy reigns, this makes it exceptionally difficult to distinguish for whom an inscription is intended. The later king is, however, better known for hi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
