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Bijele Sige
Bijele sige, also known as Bjele sige jama and Jama bijele sige, is a 27 m deep pit cave with horizontal extensions on the Medvednica massif. It is located in an area with many pit caves, but is one of the largest among these, and is distinguished by complex horizontal passages, which bring the total length of the cave to 94 m. The cave is under special protection, and is closed to the public. Description The entrance to the cave is at 534 m above sea level, and its deepest point at 507 m above sea level. The entrance is narrow, at only 1.5×0.6 m, widening after 2 m until it becomes a chamber by the end of the 10 m drop. The entrance chamber has a mound of soil, branches, and leaves at the bottom and extends both to the northeast and to the west consisting. To the northeast, the passage leads to a chamber with a small drop and smaller chimney above. This turns south and ends in narrow, impassable canal. To the west, there is a side-passage to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Medvednica
Medvednica (, ) is a mountain in central Croatia, just north of Zagreb, and marking the southern border of the historic region of Zagorje. Most of it is encompassed by the Medvednica Nature Park. The highest peak, at is Sljeme. Most of the area of Medvednica is a nature park (''park prirode''), a type of preservation lesser than a national park. During the Miocene and the Pliocene, the mountain was an island within the Pannonian Sea. Together with the surrounding hills, it is known as Zagrebačka gora or the "Zagreb Mountains", as well as Bistranjska gora, Markuševačka gora, Stubička gora and Vrabečka gora. Etymology The name Medvednica could be translated as "bear mountain". There are several other toponyms on the mountain using the Kajkavian dialect term ''medved'' 'bear' (compare Standard ), most notably Medvedgrad, a medieval castle on its southwestern edges. Sljeme (; Kajkavian: ''Sleme'') means ''summit'', and it is a name often used metonymically to refer to th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vadose Zone
The vadose zone (from the Latin word for "shallow"), also termed the unsaturated zone, is the part of Earth between the land surface and the top of the phreatic zone, the position at which the groundwater (the water in the soil's pores) is at atmospheric pressure. Hence, the vadose zone extends from the top of the ground surface to the water table. Water in the vadose zone has a pressure head less than atmospheric pressure, and is retained by a combination of adhesion (''funiculary groundwater''), and capillary action (''capillary groundwater''). If the vadose zone envelops soil, the water contained therein is termed soil moisture. In fine grained soils, capillary action can cause the pores of the soil to be fully saturated above the water table at a pressure less than atmospheric. The vadose zone does not include the area that is still saturated above the water table, often referred to as the capillary fringe. Freeze, R.A. and Cherry, J.A., 1979. Groundwater. Englewood Clif ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Caves On Zagrebačka Gora
This is a list of caves on the Zagrebačka gora massif. As of 2011, 64 speleological objects are known to be on Medvednica. The first author to compose a list of caves on this massif was in 1905, but although the list grew with the work of and others before the advent of modern cave exploration, the first comprehensive list of caves on the massif to take advantage of speleology, speleological discoveries did not come until Božičević's ''Podzemni krški fenomeni planine Medvednice kraj Zagreba'' was published in 1975. Since then, there have been several updates, the most current being the ''Katastar speleoloških objekata Republike Hrvatske'', closed to the public but with excerpts available at ''Bioportal''. __NOTOC__ {, class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" , - ! Names ! ! ! ! ! ! ! , - , Bajt I , , , , , , , , - , Bajt II , , , , , , , , - , Banova pećina , , , , , , , , -bgcolor="LightGray" , Bijele sige, Bijele sige jama , 27 , ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mesoniscus Graniger
''Mesoniscus'' is a genus of woodlice, placed in its own family, Mesoniscidae, and section, Microcheta. It contains two species – ''Mesoniscus alpicolus'' and ''Mesoniscus graniger'' – that live in Central and Eastern Europe, mostly in and around caves. Distribution ''Mesoniscus'' is restricted to Central Europe and the Balkan Peninsula; the ranges of its two species do not overlap. ''Mesoniscus alpicolus'' is found in Lombardy and the Northern Calcareous Alps. In Austria, its range extends from the near Innsbruck to the eastern edge of the , although it is also found in isolated pockets of Triassic and Silurian–Devonian limestone in Styria. ''Mesoniscus graniger'' has a wider distribution than its congener; it is found in much of the Carpathians, including the Bihor and Banat mountains, and in the Dinaric Alps and Julian Alps. It is also found in the Caves of Aggtelek Karst in Hungary. Taxonomy The first description of a woodlouse now in the genus ''Mesoniscus'' was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stratigraphy
Stratigraphy is a branch of geology concerned with the study of rock layers (strata) and layering (stratification). It is primarily used in the study of sedimentary and layered volcanic rocks. Stratigraphy has three related subfields: lithostratigraphy (lithologic stratigraphy), biostratigraphy (biologic stratigraphy), and chronostratigraphy (stratigraphy by age). Historical development Catholic priest Nicholas Steno established the theoretical basis for stratigraphy when he introduced the law of superposition, the principle of original horizontality and the principle of lateral continuity in a 1669 work on the fossilization of organic remains in layers of sediment. The first practical large-scale application of stratigraphy was by William Smith in the 1790s and early 19th century. Known as the "Father of English geology", Smith recognized the significance of strata or rock layering and the importance of fossil markers for correlating strata; he created the first geo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Concretion
A concretion is a hard and compact mass formed by the precipitation of mineral cement within the spaces between particles, and is found in sedimentary rock or soil. Concretions are often ovoid or spherical in shape, although irregular shapes also occur. The word ''concretion'' is borrowed from Latin , itself derived from ''concrescere'' , from ''con-'' and ''crescere'' . Concretions form within layers of sedimentary strata that have already been deposited. They usually form early in the burial history of the sediment, before the rest of the sediment is hardened into rock. This concretionary cement often makes the concretion harder and more resistant to weathering than the host stratum. There is an important distinction to draw between concretions and nodules. Concretions are formed from mineral precipitation around some kind of nucleus while a nodule is a replacement body. Descriptions dating from the 18th century attest to the fact that concretions have long been regarde ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cave Popcorn
Cave popcorn, or coralloids, are small nodes of calcite, aragonite, or gypsum that form on surfaces in caves, especially limestone caves. They are a common type of speleothem. Appearance The individual nodules of cave popcorn range in size from 5 to 20 mm and may be decorated by other speleothems, especially aragonite needles or frostwork. The nodules tend to grow in clusters on bedrock or the sides of other speleothems. These clusters may terminate suddenly in either an upward or downward direction, forming a stratographic layer. When they terminate in a downward direction, they may appear as flat-bottomed formations known as trays. Individual nodes of popcorn can assume a variety of shapes from round to flattened ear-like or button-like shapes. The color of cave popcorn is usually white, but various other colors are possible depending on the composition. Formation Cave popcorn can form by precipitation. Water seeping through limestone walls or splashing onto them leaves ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moonmilk
Moonmilk (sometimes called mondmilch, also known as bergmilch, montmilch, or cave milk) is a white, creamy substance found inside limestone, dolomite, and possibly other types of caves. It is a precipitate from limestone comprising aggregates of fine crystals of varying composition, usually made of carbonates such as calcite, aragonite, hydromagnesite, and/or monohydrocalcite. Formation and Composition Moonmilk forms as a result of several processes, including both chemical reactions and possible bacterial action. One hypothesis suggests that moonmilk is created by the bacterium '' Macromonas bipunctata''. However, no microbiological studies have been carried out to confirm this. Moonmilk was originally thought to be created by moon rays, a misconception reflected in its name. It is possible that moonmilk forms when water dissolves and softens the karst in caves, carrying dissolved nutrients that are used by microbes, such as Actinomycetes. As microbial colonies grow, they ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cave Pearl
A cave pearl is a small, usually spherical, speleothem (cave formation) found in limestone caves. Cave pearls are formed by a concretion of calcium salts that form concentric layers around a nucleus. Exposure to moving water polishes the surface of cave pearls, making them glossy; if exposed to the air, cave pearls can degrade and appear rough. Composition A cave pearl is composed primarily of calcite (calcium carbonate aCO3. Cave pearls are generally not considered to be a type of oolite. Other minerals found in small quantities in cave pearls include quartz (silicon dioxide iO2, apatite (a group of phosphate minerals), iron, aluminium, and magnesium. Formation Cave pearls form when water dripping into a cave loses carbon dioxide and precipitates calcite. A cave pearl forms when the water is moving too vigorously to form a stalagmite. A nucleus of matter (such as a grain of sand) becomes coated with calcite, and the current then provides a rotation to the nucleus in suc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pillar (landform)
A pillar is a landform, either of rock or earth, defined by the USGS as: "Vertical, standing, often spire-shaped, natural rock formation (chimney, monument, pinnacle, pohaku, rock tower)." Some examples of rock pillars are Chambers Pillar, Katskhi Pillar, Pompeys Pillar, and Pillar Rock. The Oxford Dictionary of Geography defines ''earth pillar'' as: "An upstanding, free column of soil that has been sheltered from erosion by a natural cap of stone on the top. They are common where boulder-rich moraines have been subject to gully erosion, as in parts of the southern Tyrol." A Hoodoo is another type of earth pillar. Examples of earth pillars are Awa Sand Pillars and Đavolja Varoš Đavolja Varoš ( sr-cyr, Ђавоља варош, literal translation, lit. "Devil's Town") is a rock formation consisting of about 200 earth pyramids or "towers", located in southern Serbia on the Radan Mountain, in the municipality of Kuršuml .... See also * References {{topography-s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stalagmite
A stalagmite (, ; ; ) is a type of rock formation that rises from the floor of a cave due to the accumulation of material deposited on the floor from ceiling drippings. Stalagmites are typically composed of calcium carbonate, but may consist of lava, mud, peat, pitch, sand, sinter, and amberat (crystallized urine of pack rats). The corresponding formation hanging down from the ceiling of a cave is a stalactite. Formation and type Limestone stalagmites The most common stalagmites are speleothems, which usually form in limestone caves. Stalagmite formation occurs only under certain pH conditions within the cavern. They form through deposition of calcium carbonate and other minerals, which is precipitated from mineralized water solutions. Limestone is the chief form of calcium carbonate rock, which is dissolved by water that contains carbon dioxide, forming a calcium bicarbonate solution in caverns. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the water must be great ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stalactite
A stalactite (, ; , ) is a mineral formation that hangs from the ceiling of caves, hot springs, or man-made structures such as bridges and mines. Any material that is soluble and that can be deposited as a colloid, or is in suspension (chemistry), suspension, or is capable of being melting, melted, may form a stalactite. Stalactites may be composed of lava, minerals, mud, peat, pitch (resin), pitch, sand, Geyserite, sinter, and amberat (crystallized urine of pack rats). A stalactite is not necessarily a speleothem, though speleothems are the most common form of stalactite because of the abundance of limestone caves. The corresponding formation on the floor of the cave is known as a stalagmite. Formation and type Limestone stalactites The most common stalactites are speleothems, which occur in limestone caves. They form through Deposition (geology), deposition of calcium carbonate and other minerals, which is precipitated from mineralized water Solution (chemistry), solutio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
