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Bertrand Goldschmidt
Bertrand Goldschmidt (2 November 1912 – 11 June 2002) was a French chemist. He is considered one of the fathers of the French atomic bomb, which was tested for the first time in 1960 in the nuclear test Gerboise Bleue. Biography Bertrand Goldschmidt was born in Paris on 2 November 1912 to a French mother and a Belgian father of Jewish origin. He entered the Paris school of Industrial Physics and Chemistry in 1932 and was recruited to the Radium Institute in 1933 by Marie Curie. He obtained his doctorate in 1940. During World War II, he served in a military laboratory in Poitiers and was taken prisoner by the invading Germans. They later released him and he moved into the unoccupied zone. He taught for a short time in Montpellier, until the post-surrender Vichy French government changed the status of Jews under pressure from the Germans. He then emigrated to the United States and arrived in New York in May 1941, where he joined the Free French Forces. Enrico Fermi later ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
France And Weapons Of Mass Destruction
France is one of the five "Nuclear Weapons States" under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, but is not known to possess or develop any chemical or biological weapons. France was the fourth country to test an independently developed nuclear weapon, doing so in 1960 under the government of Charles de Gaulle. The French military is currently thought to retain a weapons stockpile of around 300 operational (deployed) nuclear warheads, making it the third-largest in the world, speaking in terms of warheads, not megatons. The weapons are part of the national '' Force de frappe'', developed in the late 1950s and 1960s to give France the ability to distance itself from NATO while having a means of nuclear deterrence under sovereign control. France did not sign the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, which gave it the option to conduct further nuclear tests until it signed and ratified the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty in 1996 and 1998 respectively. France deni ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jules Gueron
Jules is the French form of the Latin "Julius" (e.g. Jules César, the French name for Julius Caesar). It is the given name of: People with the name * Jules Aarons (1921–2008), American space physicist and photographer *Jules Abadie (1876–1953), French politician and surgeon *Jules Accorsi (born 1937), French football player and manager *Jules Adenis (1823–1900), French playwright and opera librettist *Jules Adler 1865–1952), French painter *Jules Asner (born 1968), American television personality * Jules Aimé Battandier (1848–1922), French botanist *Jules Bernard (born 2000), American basketball player *Jules Bianchi (1989–2015), French Formula One driver *Jules Breton (1827–1906), French Realist painter * Jules-André Brillant (1888–1973), Canadian entrepreneur *Jules Brunet (1838–1911), French Army general *Jules Charles-Roux (1841–1918), French businessman and politician *Jules Dewaquez (1899–1971), French footballer *Jules Marie Alphonse Jacques de Di ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
William Penney, Baron Penney
William George Penney, Baron Penney, (24 June 19093 March 1991) was an English mathematician and professor of mathematical physics at the Imperial College London and later the rector of Imperial College London. He had a leading role in the development of High Explosive Research, Britain's clandestine nuclear programme that started in 1942 during the Second World War which produced the first British atomic bomb in 1952. As the head of the British delegation working on the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos Laboratory, Penney initially carried out calculations to predict the damage effects generated by the blast wave of an atomic bomb. Upon returning home, Penney directed the British nuclear weapons directorate, codenamed Tube Alloys and directed scientific research at the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment which resulted in the first detonation of a British nuclear bomb in Operation Hurricane in 1952. After the test, Penney became chief advisor to the new United Kingdom Atom ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Igor Kurchatov
Igor Vasil'evich Kurchatov (russian: Игорь Васильевич Курчатов; 12 January 1903 – 7 February 1960), was a Soviet physicist who played a central role in organizing and directing the former Soviet program of nuclear weapons. As many of his contemporaries in Russia, Kurchatov, initially educated as a naval architect, was an ''autodict'' in nuclear physics and was brought by Soviet establishment to accelerate the feasibility of the "super bomb". Aided by effective intelligence management by Soviet agencies on American Manhattan Project, Kurchatov oversaw the quick development and testing of the first Soviet nuclear weapon, which was roughly based on the first American device, at Semipalatinsk in Kazakhstan in 1949. Kurchatov, a recipient of many former Soviet honors, had a instrumental role in modern nuclear industry in Russia but his health decline rapidly that is mainly attributed to a 1949 radiation accident in Chelyabinsk-40 (a much more serio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Homi J
Homi may refer to: People * Homi Adajania * Homi Billimoria, Ceylonese architect * Homi F. Daji * Homi J. Bhabha (1909–1966), Indian nuclear physicist * Homi J. H. Taleyarkhan * Homi K. Bhabha * Homi Kharas, British economist * Homi Maneck Mehta (1871–1948), Indian industrialist * Homi Master * Homi Mobed * Homi Mody * Homi Motivala (born 1958), Indian sportsperson * Homi Mullan (1940–2015), Indian percussionist * Homi Pithawalla or Homer Pithawalla * Homi Powri (born 1922), Indian cyclist * Homi Sethna (1923–2010), Indian nuclear scientist * Homi Wadia (1911–2004), Indian film director and producer in Bollywood (Hindi cinema) Places * Homi Station, Japan * Homi Villa, also known as Airport Core Programme Exhibition Centre Other * Homi (tool) ''Homi'' ( ko, 호미), also known as a Korean hand plow, is a short-handled traditional farming tool used by Koreans. It is a farming tool that removes grasses from paddies and fields. It is also used when plowing a r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deng Jiaxian
Deng Jiaxian (; June 25, 1924 – July 29, 1986) was a Chinese nuclear physicist and academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). He was a leading organizer and key contributor to the Chinese nuclear weapon programs. Biography Deng was born in Huaining, Anhui, China, on June 25, 1924. After graduating from the National Southwestern Associated University, he taught at Peking University. He went to the United States in 1948 to study at Purdue University, and earned his PhD in physics in 1950. He returned to the newly founded People's Republic of China just nine days after graduation. From 1958 on, Deng spent over 20 years working secretly with a team of young scientists on the development of the nuclear and hydrogen bomb for China, culminating in success in 1964 and 1967. He died on July 29, 1986 in Beijing. Deng is regarded as the "Father of China's Nuclear Program". In 1999, he was posthumously awarded the Two Bombs, One Satellite Meritorious Award for his contributions t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abdul Qadeer Khan
Abdul Qadeer Khan, (; ur, ; 1 April 1936 – 10 October 2021), known as A. Q. Khan, was a Pakistani Nuclear physics, nuclear physicist and metallurgist, metallurgical engineer. He was a key figure in Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction, Pakistan’s nuclear weapons program and is colloquially known as the "Father of Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction, Pakistan's atomic weapons program". He is a national hero in Pakistan. An ''Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people), émigré (Mahajir (Pakistan), Muhajir)'' from India who migrated to Pakistan in 1952, Khan was educated in the metallurgical engineering departments of Western European technical universities where he pioneered studies in phase transitions of alloy, metallic alloys, uranium metallurgy, and isotope separation based on gas centrifuges. After learning of India's "Smiling Buddha" nuclear test in 1974, Khan joined his nation's clandestine efforts to develop atomic weapons when he founded the Khan Research Laborator ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Atomic Energy Agency
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an intergovernmental organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons. It was established in 1957 as an autonomous organization within the United Nations system; though governed by its own founding treaty, the organization reports to both the General Assembly and the Security Council of the United Nations, and is headquartered at the UN Office at Vienna, Austria. The IAEA was created in response to growing international concern toward nuclear weapons, especially amid rising tensions between the foremost nuclear powers, the United States and the Soviet Union. U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower's " Atoms for Peace" speech, which called for the creation of an international organization to monitor the global proliferation of nuclear resources and technology, is credited with catalyzing the formation of the IAEA, whose treaty c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dimona Nuclear Centre
The Shimon Peres Negev Nuclear Research Center ( he, קריה למחקר גרעיני – נגב ע"ש שמעון פרס, formerly the ''Negev Nuclear Research Center'', unofficially sometimes referred to as the ''Dimona reactor'') is an Israeli nuclear installation located in the Negev desert, about thirteen kilometers south-east of the city of Dimona. In August 2018, it was renamed after the late President and Prime Minister of Israel, and Nobel Peace Prize laureate, Shimon Peres. Construction of the facility began in 1958 and its heavy-water nuclear reactor went active sometime between 1962 and 1964. Israel claims that the nuclear reactor and research facility is for research purposes into atomic science. However, the purpose of the reactor is believed to be the production of nuclear materials that may be used in Israel's nuclear weapons. Information about the facility remains highly classified and with respect to nuclear weapons, the country maintains a policy known as n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ben Gurion
David Ben-Gurion ( ; he, דָּוִד בֶּן-גּוּרִיּוֹן ; born David Grün; 16 October 1886 – 1 December 1973) was the primary national founder of the State of Israel and the first prime minister of Israel. Adopting the name of Ben-Gurion in 1909, he rose to become the preeminent leader of the Jewish community in British-ruled Mandatory Palestine from 1935 until the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, which he led until 1963 with a short break in 1954–55. Ben-Gurion's passion for Zionism, which began early in life, led him to become a major Zionist leader and executive head of the World Zionist Organization in 1946. As head of the Jewish Agency from 1935, and later president of the Jewish Agency Executive, he was the ''de facto'' leader of the Jewish community in Palestine, and largely led its struggle for an independent Jewish state in Mandatory Palestine. On 14 May 1948, he formally proclaimed the establishment of the State of Israel, and was t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ballancourt-sur-Essonne
Ballancourt-sur-Essonne (, literally ''Ballancourt on Essonne'') is a commune in the Essonne department in Île-de-France in northern France. Geography The Essonne forms the commune western border. Ballancourt-sur-Essonne is 37 kilometers south east of Paris-Notre-Dame, point zero from road of France, 13 kilometers south west of Évry, 5 kilometers north east of La Ferté-Alais, 12 kilometers south west of Corbeil-Essonnes, 12 kilometers south east of Arpajon, 15 kilometers south east of Montlhéry, 15 kilometers north west of Milly-la-Forêt, 20 kilometers north east of Étampes, 23 kilometers south east of Palaiseau, 27 kilometers east of Dourdan. Population Inhabitants of Ballancourt-sur-Essonne are known as ''Ballancourtois'' in French. Architectural heritage *The 17th century Château du Saussay and its park were awarded historical monument on January 19, 1951. *Father of the music rocks(Roches du père la Musique) *Chapel Saint-Blaise *Saint-Martin's church *Maison et ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zoé (reactor)
The Zoé reactor, or EL-1, was the first French atomic reactor. It was built in 1947 at the Fort de Châtillon in Fontenay-aux-Roses, a suburb of Paris. Design work for the heavy-water reactor was started in 1947 by Frédéric Joliot-Curie, who was at the time director of the French Commission for Atomic Energy (''Commissariat à l'énergie atomique'' (CEA)). The project manager was Lew Kowarski, who had just returned from Canada, where he had supervised the construction of the Canadian ZEEP heavy-water reactor. Zoé was activated on 15 December 1948, reaching a power of 150 kW by 1953. The nuclear fuel was provided by Bouchet of Ballancourt-sur-Essonne, which reprocessed the irradiated fuel and extracted the first milligrams of French-produced plutonium. The reactor was shut down in March 1976 and containment of the reactor was completed in 1977. The choice of moderator and fuel was dictated by the undeveloped state of the French nuclear industry at the time, which c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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