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Base (chem)
In chemistry, there are three definitions in common use of the word "base": '' Arrhenius bases'', '' Brønsted bases'', and ''Lewis base A Lewis acid (named for the American physical chemist Gilbert N. Lewis) is a chemical species that contains an empty orbital which is capable of accepting an electron pair from a Lewis base to form a Lewis adduct. A Lewis base, then, is any sp ...s''. All definitions agree that bases are substances that react with acids, as originally proposed by Guillaume-François Rouelle, G.-F. Rouelle in the mid-18th century. In 1884, Svante Arrhenius proposed that a base is a substance which dissociates in aqueous solution to form hydroxide ions OH−. These ions can react with Hydron (chemistry), hydrogen ions (H+ according to Arrhenius) from the dissociation of acids to form water in an acid–base reaction. A base was therefore a metal hydroxide such as NaOH or Calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2. Such aqueous hydroxide solutions were also described by c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Handmade Soap Cropped And Simplified
Handmade or hand made may refer to: *Handicraft, where useful and decorative objects are made by hand *Handmade (Jimmy Rankin album), ''Handmade'' (Jimmy Rankin album), 2003 *Handmade (Hindi Zahra album), ''Handmade'' (Hindi Zahra album), 2010 *Handmade (The Ongoing Concept album), ''Handmade'' (The Ongoing Concept album), 2015 *''Handmade'', a 1970 album by Mason Williams *''Hand Made'', a 1993 album by Mitchel Forman *HandMade Films, a British film production and distribution company *''Handmade: Britain's Best Woodworker'', a British reality television series *Handmade, a former division of the Rhino Entertainment record label *''Handmade'', a web series produced by Eater (website), Eater See also * * * Handmaid, a personal maid or female servant * The Handmaid (other) * Made hand, a poker hand that does not need improvement to win {{disambiguation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Litmus Paper
Litmus is a water-soluble mixture of different dyes extracted from lichens. It is often absorbed onto filter paper to produce one of the oldest forms of pH indicator, used to test materials for acidity. In an acidic medium, blue litmus paper turns red, while in a basic or alkaline medium, red litmus paper turns blue. In short, it is a dye and indicator which is used to place substances on a pH scale. History The word "litmus" comes from the Old Norse word "litmosi" meaning "colour moss" or "colouring moss". The word is attested only in one Mediaeval source, a Norwegian law codex from 1316 in a chapter on customs and excise duties on pelts and furs. About 1300, the Spanish physician Arnaldus de Villa Nova began using litmus to study acids and bases. From the 16th century onwards, the blue dye was extracted from some lichens, especially in the Netherlands. Natural sources Litmus can be found in many different species of lichens. The dyes are extracted from such speci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saturated Solution
In chemistry, solubility is the ability of a substance, the solute, to form a solution with another substance, the solvent. Insolubility is the opposite property, the inability of the solute to form such a solution. The extent of the solubility of a substance in a specific solvent is generally measured as the concentration of the solute in a saturated solution, one in which no more solute can be dissolved. At this point, the two substances are said to be at the solubility equilibrium. For some solutes and solvents, there may be no such limit, in which case the two substances are said to be " miscible in all proportions" (or just "miscible"). The solute can be a solid, a liquid, or a gas, while the solvent is usually solid or liquid. Both may be pure substances, or may themselves be solutions. Gases are always miscible in all proportions, except in very extreme situations,J. de Swaan Arons and G. A. M. Diepen (1966): "Gas—Gas Equilibria". ''Journal of Chemical Physics'', ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Salt (chemistry)
In chemistry, a salt or ionic compound is a chemical compound consisting of an assembly of positively charged ions ( cations) and negatively charged ions ( anions), which results in a compound with no net electric charge (electrically neutral). The constituent ions are held together by electrostatic forces termed ionic bonds. The component ions in a salt can be either inorganic, such as chloride (Cl−), or organic, such as acetate (). Each ion can be either monatomic, such as sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl−) in sodium chloride, or polyatomic, such as ammonium () and carbonate () ions in ammonium carbonate. Salts containing basic ions hydroxide (OH−) or oxide (O2−) are classified as bases, such as sodium hydroxide and potassium oxide. Individual ions within a salt usually have multiple near neighbours, so they are not considered to be part of molecules, but instead part of a continuous three-dimensional network. Salts usually form crystalline structures ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neutralization (chemistry)
In chemistry, neutralization or neutralisation (see American and British English spelling differences, spelling differences) is a chemical reaction in which acid and a base (chemistry), base react with an equivalent quantity of each other. In a reaction in water, neutralization results in there being no excess of hydrogen or hydroxide ions present in the solution. The pH of the neutralized solution depends on the acid strength of the reactants. Meaning of "neutralization" In the context of a chemical reaction the term neutralization is used for a reaction between an acid and a base (chemistry), base or alkali. Historically, this reaction was represented as :acid + base (alkali) → salt + water : For example: :HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O The statement is still valid as long as it is understood that in an aqueous solution the substances involved are subject to dissociated, dissociation, which changes the ionization state of the substances. The arrow sign, →, is used because ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
