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Ballantine Scale
The Ballantine scale is a biologically defined scale for measuring the degree of exposure level of wave action on a rocky shore. Devised in 1961 by W. J. Ballantine, then at the zoology department of Queen Mary College, London, the scale is based on the observation that where shoreline species are concerned "Different species growing on rocky shores require different degrees of protection from certain aspects of the physical environment, of which wave action is often the most important." The species present in the littoral zone therefore indicate the degree of the shore's exposure.Ballantine (1961), p. 1. Summary An abbreviated summary of the scale is given below. The scale runs from 1) an "extremely exposed" shore, to 8) an "extremely sheltered" shore. The littoral zone generally is the zone between low and high tides. The supra-littoral is above the barnacle line. Modifications to the scale A modified exposure scale of five stages applying to the shores of the British I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mytilus (bivalve)
''Mytilus'' is a Cosmopolitan distribution, cosmopolitan genus of medium to large-sized edible, mainly Saline water, saltwater mussels, marine (ocean), marine bivalve molluscs in the family (biology), family Mytilidae. Description Mussels have a gray to blue-purple, fully grown shell about 5 - 10 centimeters long with an elongated oval shape. They follow the general blueprint of the mussels. They consist of a right and left half of the shell, which are held together with an elastic lock strap (ligament). The shell is made up of 3 layers: the top layer of organic material (periostracum), the middle thick layer of lime (ostracum) and the innermost, valuable, silver-white shiny mother-of-pearl layer (hypostracum). In the shell of the mussel there are two gills with gill leaves that are well supplied with blood. Between the gills is a muscular foot with the byssus gland. With the help of the protein contained in the mussel and iron filtered from the sea, this gland produces the by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rhodymenia
''Rhodymenia'' is a genus of red algae, containing the following species: *'' Rhodymenia acanthophora'' Greville *'' Rhodymenia adnata'' Okamura *'' Rhodymenia arborescens'' E. Y. Dawson *'' Rhodymenia ardissonei'' (Kuntze) Feldmann *'' Rhodymenia caespitosa'' P. J. L. Dangeard *'' Rhodymenia californica'' Kylin *'' Rhodymenia callophylloides'' Hollenberg & I. A. Abbott *'' Rhodymenia capensis'' J. Agardh *'' Rhodymenia caulescens'' (Kützing) A. J. K. Millar *'' Rhodymenia cinnabarina'' J. Agardh *'' Rhodymenia coacta'' Okamura & Segawa *'' Rhodymenia coccocarpa'' (Montagne) M. J. Wynne *'' Rhodymenia coespitosella'' L'Hardy-Halos *'' Rhodymenia corallina'' (Bory de Saint-Vincent) Greville *'' Rhodymenia crozetii'' Levring *'' Rhodymenia dawsonii'' Taylor *'' Rhodymenia decumbens'' W. R. Taylor *'' Rhodymenia delicatula'' P. J. L. Dangeard *'' Rhodymenia dichotoma'' J. D. Hooker & Harvey *'' Rhodymenia dissecta'' Børgesen *'' Rhodymenia divaricata'' E. Y. Dawson *'' Rhodymenia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mastocarpus Stellatus
''Mastocarpus stellatus'', commonly known as carrageenan moss or false Irish moss, is a species in the Rhodophyceae division, a red algae seaweed division, and the Phyllophoraceae, Phyllophoracea family. ''M. stellatus'' is closely related to Chondrus crispus, Irish Moss (''Chondrus crispus''). It grows in the intertidal zone. It is most collected in North Atlantic regions such as Ireland and Scotland, together with Irish moss, dried, and sold for cooking and as the basis for a drink reputed to ward off colds and flu. Marine biologists have completed studies on the medicinal reputation of ''M. stellatus'' to discover the full potential of its pharmaceutical benefits. Additionally, marine biologists have conducted research on its potential to serve as an alternative to plastic. The application of ''M. stellatus'' in these different industries is correlated with the seaweed's adaptations which developed in response to the environmental stressors present around its location on the roc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Laurencia
''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in Littoral zone, littoral to Littoral zone#Sublittoral zone, sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or wikt:decumbent, decumbent with distichous, whorled or radial branch arrangement. Taxonomy and Nomenclature The genus name of ''Laurencia'' is in honour of Louis Jean de La Laurencie (1768-1829), who was a French Naval officer, Director of the University of Limoges and also a friend of the author, Jean Vincent Félix Lamouroux. The genus was circumscription (taxonomy), circumscribed by Jean Vincent Félix Lamouroux in Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. vol.20 on page 130 in 1813. It included an initial description of eight species which then subsequently underwent taxonomic revisions. The genus belongs to order Ceramiales reported to have 137 species, with a rich body of knowledge spanning for more than 50 years of research. ''Laur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fucus Vesiculosus
''Fucus vesiculosus'', known by the common names bladderwrack, black tang, rockweed, sea grapes, bladder fucus, sea oak, cut weed, dyers fucus, red fucus and rock wrack, is a seaweed found on the coasts of the North Sea, the western Baltic Sea and the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. It was the original source of iodine, discovered in 1811, and was used extensively to treat goitre. Description The fronds of ''F. vesiculosus'' grow to long and wide and have a prominent midrib throughout. It is attached by a basal disc-shaped holdfast. It has almost spherical air bladders, which are usually paired one on either side of the mid-rib but may be absent in young plants. The margin is smooth and the frond is dichotomously branched. It is sometimes confused with '' Fucus spiralis'' with which it hybridises and is similar to ''Fucus serratus''. Biology Plants of ''F. vesiculosus'' are dioecious. Gametes are generally released into the seawater under calm conditions, and the eggs are fer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pelvetia
''Pelvetia canaliculata'', the channelled wrack, is a very common brown alga (Phaeophyceae) found on the rocks of the upper shores of Europe. It is the only species remaining in the monotypic genus ''Pelvetia''. In 1999, the other members of this genus were reclassified as '' Silvetia'' due to differences of oogonium structure and of nucleic acid sequences of the rDNA. Description ''Pelvetia'' grows to a maximum length of in dense tufts, the fronds being deeply channeled on one side: the channels and a mucus layer help prevent the seaweed drying (desiccation) when the tide is out. It is irregularly dichotomously branched with terminal receptacles, and is dark brown in color. Each branch is of uniform width and without a midrib. The receptacles are forked at the tips. It is distinguished from other large brown algae by the channels along the frond. It has no mid-rib, no air-vesicles and no cryptostomata. It forms the uppermost zone of algae on the shore growing at or above hig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Corallina
''Corallina'' is a genus of red seaweeds with hard, abrasive calcareous skeletons in the family Corallinaceae. They are stiff, branched plant-like protists with articulations. Corallina, like all red algae Red algae, or Rhodophyta (, ; ), make up one of the oldest groups of eukaryotic algae. The Rhodophyta comprises one of the largest Phylum, phyla of algae, containing over 7,000 recognized species within over 900 Genus, genera amidst ongoing taxon ..., are not considered plants, despite being photosynthetic. Species # '' Corallina aberrans'' (Yendo) K.R.Hind & G.W.Saunders # '' Corallina abundans'' Me.Lemoine # '' Corallina arbuscula'' Postels & Ruprecht # '' Corallina armata'' J.D.Hooker & Harvey # '' Corallina bathybentha'' E.Y.Dawson # '' Corallina berteroi'' Montagne ex Kützing # '' Corallina bifurca'' Kützing # '' Corallina binangonensis'' Ishijima # '' Corallina confusa'' Yendo # '' Corallina cossmannii'' Me.Lemoine # '' Corallina crassisima'' (Yendo) K.Hind & ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phyllophoraceae
Phyllophoraceae is a family of red algae in the order Gigartinales.Phyllophoraceae at Genera TheWorld Register of Marine Species
The World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) is a taxonomic database that aims to provide an authoritative and comprehensive catalogue and list of names of marine organisms.
Content
The content of the registry is edited and maintained by scien ... includes the following genera in the family Phyllophoraceae:
*'' [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fucus
''Fucus'' is a genus of brown algae found in the intertidal zones of rocky seashores almost throughout the world. Description and life cycle The thallus is perennial with an irregular or disc-shaped holdfast or with haptera. The erect portion of the thallus is dichotomous or subpinnately branched, flattened and with a distinct midrib. Gas-filled pneumatocysts (air- vesicles) are present in pairs in some species, one on either side of the midrib. The erect portion of the thallus bears cryptostomata and caecostomata (sterile surface cavities). The base of the thallus is stipe-like due to abrasion of the tissue lateral to the midrib and it is attached to the rock by a holdfast. The gametangia develop in conceptacles embedded in receptacles in the apices of the final branches. They may be monoecious or dioecious. These algae have a relatively simple life cycle and produce only one type of thallus which grows to a maximum size of 2 m. Fertile cavities, the conceptacle ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Red Algae
Red algae, or Rhodophyta (, ; ), make up one of the oldest groups of eukaryotic algae. The Rhodophyta comprises one of the largest Phylum, phyla of algae, containing over 7,000 recognized species within over 900 Genus, genera amidst ongoing taxonomic revisions. The majority of species (6,793) are Florideophyceae, and mostly consist of multicellular, ocean, marine algae, including many notable seaweeds. Red algae are abundant in marine habitats. Approximately 5% of red algae species occur in freshwater environments, with greater concentrations in warmer areas. Except for two coastal cave dwelling species in the asexual class Cyanidiophyceae, no terrestrial species exist, which may be due to an evolutionary bottleneck in which the last common ancestor lost about 25% of its core genes and much of its evolutionary plasticity. Red algae form a distinct group characterized by eukaryotic cells without flagella and centrioles, chloroplasts without external endoplasmic reticulum or unstack ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Limpet
Limpets are a group of aquatic snails with a conical gastropod shell, shell shape (patelliform) and a strong, muscular foot. This general category of conical shell is known as "patelliform" (dish-shaped). Existing within the class Gastropoda, limpets are a polyphyletic group (its members descending from different immediate ancestors). All species of Patellogastropoda are limpets, with the Patellidae family in particular often referred to as "true limpets". Examples of other clades commonly referred to as limpets include the Vetigastropoda family Fissurellidae ("keyhole limpet"), which use a siphon to pump water over their gills, and the Siphonariidae ("false limpets"), which have a pneumostome for breathing air like the majority of terrestrial Gastropoda. Description The basic anatomy of a limpet consists of the usual molluscan organs and systems: * A nervous system centered around the paired Brain, cerebral, foot, pedal, and pleural sets of ganglion, ganglia. These ganglia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
