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Anhalinine
Anhalinine, also known as ''O''-methylanhalamine or mescaline-CR, is a tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid found in ''Lophophora williamsii'' (peyote) and other cacti. It is structurally related to mescaline and is a cyclized phenethylamine analogue of mescaline. Anhalinine is also pharmacologically active, but is only a minor constituent of peyote and is unlikely to contribute to its effects. Simple isoquinoline alkaloids of mescaline-containing cacti like anhalinine have received relatively little investigation. Arthur Heffter found many of them to produce no effects similar to those of mescaline. However, some of them have been found to produce convulsions in animals at high doses. Anhalinine specifically has been described as having "stimulant" properties due to inhibiting cholinergic neurotransmission. Alexander Shulgin tried anhalinine at small doses of 0.5 to 4.3mg but experienced no effects.Alexander Shulgin. Pharmacology Notebook 1. Subacute effects Anhalinine. 1963. https ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Substituted Tetrahydroisoquinoline
A substituted tetrahydroisoquinoline is a tetrahydroisoquinoline with one or more chemical substituents. Many simple tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids related to mescaline are known and occur naturally in cactus species such as peyote (''Lophophora williamsii'') and ''Pachycereus pringlei'' among many others. Simple tetrahydroisoquinolines may be thought of as cyclized phenethylamines. As an example, anhalinine may be thought of as a cyclic compound, cyclized structural analog, analogue of mescaline. The simple tetrahydroisoquinolines are analogous in concept to the substituted β-carboline, β-carbolines and harmala alkaloids, which can be considered cyclized analogues of substituted tryptamine, tryptamines. Some of the simple tetrahydroisoquinolines, for instance pellotine, are known to be pharmacology, pharmacologically active, although none are known to have hallucinogenic activity. Known activities of simple tetrahydroisoquinolines include sedative and hypnotic effects, monoam ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
5-HT7 Receptor
The 5-HT7 receptor is a member of the GPCR superfamily of cell surface receptors and is activated by the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT). The 5-HT7 receptor is coupled to Gs (stimulates the production of the intracellular signaling molecule cAMP) and is expressed in a variety of human tissues, particularly in the brain, the gastrointestinal tract, and in various blood vessels. This receptor has been a drug development target for the treatment of several clinical disorders. The 5-HT7 receptor is encoded by the ''HTR7'' gene, which in humans is transcribed into 3 different splice variants. Function When the 5-HT7 receptor is activated by serotonin, it sets off a cascade of events starting with release of the stimulatory G protein Gs from the GPCR complex. Gs in turn activates adenylate cyclase which increases intracellular levels of the second messenger cAMP. The 5-HT7 receptor plays a role in smooth muscle relaxation within the vasculature ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lophophora Williamsii
The peyote (; ''Lophophora williamsii'' ) is a small, spineless cactus which contains Psychoactive cactus, psychoactive alkaloids, particularly mescaline. is a Spanish word derived from the Nahuatl (), meaning "caterpillar Pupa#Cocoon, cocoon", from a root , "to glisten". p. 246. See wikt:peyotl, peyotl in Wiktionary. It is native to southern North America, primarily found in desert scrub and limestone-rich areas of northern Mexico and south Texas, particularly in the Chihuahuan Desert at elevations of 100–1500 meters. It flowers from March to May, and sometimes as late as September. Its flowers are pink or white, with thigmotactic anthers (like ''Opuntia''). It is a small, spineless cactus that grows in clusters, produces edible fruits, and contains psychoactive alkaloids—primarily mescaline—at concentrations of about 0.4% when fresh and up to 6% when dried. Peyote is a slow-growing cactus that can be cultivated more rapidly through techniques such as grafting, and whi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mescaline
Mescaline, also known as mescalin or mezcalin, and in chemical terms 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine, is a natural product, naturally occurring psychedelic drug, psychedelic alkaloid, protoalkaloid of the substituted phenethylamine class, found in Cactus, cacti like peyote (''Lophophora williamsii'') and San Pedro cactus, San Pedro (certain species of the Echinopsis genus) and known for its Serotonin, serotonergic Hallucinogen, hallucinogenic effects. Mescaline is typically taken orally and used recreationally, spiritually, and medically, with psychedelic effects occurring at doses from 100 to 1,000 mg, including microdosing below 75 mg, and it can be consumed in pure form or via mescaline-containing cacti. Mescaline induces a psychedelic experience characterized by vivid visual patterns, altered perception of time and self, synesthesia, and spiritual effects, with an onset of 0.5–0.9 hours and a duration that increases with dose, ranging from about 6 to 14 hours. Mescaline h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cyclized Phenethylamine
Substituted phenethylamines (or simply phenethylamines) are a chemical class of organic compounds that are based upon the phenethylamine structure; the class is composed of all the derivative compounds of phenethylamine which can be formed by replacing, or substituting, one or more hydrogen atoms in the phenethylamine core structure with substituents. Phenylethylamines are also generally found to be central nervous system stimulants with many also being entactogens/empathogens, and hallucinogens. Structural classification The structural formula of any substituted phenethylamine contains a phenyl ring that is joined to an amino (NH) group via a two-carbon sidechain. Hence, any substituted phenethylamine can be classified according to the substitution of hydrogen (H) atoms on phenethylamine's phenyl ring, sidechain, or amino group with a specific group of atoms. Several classes of substances can be considered phenylethylamine derivatives such as Substituted amphetamines, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hypnotic
A hypnotic (from Ancient Greek, Greek ''Hypnos'', sleep), also known as a somnifacient or soporific, and commonly known as sleeping pills, are a class of psychoactive drugs whose primary function is to sleep induction, induce sleep and to treat insomnia (sleeplessness). This group of drugs is related to sedatives''. ''Whereas the term sedative describes drugs that serve to calm or Anxiolytic, relieve anxiety, the term hypnotic generally describes drugs whose main purpose is to initiate, sustain, or lengthen sleep. Because these two functions frequently overlap, and because drugs in this class generally produce dose-dependent effects (ranging from anxiolysis to loss of consciousness), they are often referred to collectively as sedative–hypnotic drugs. Hypnotic drugs are regularly prescribed for insomnia and other sleep disorders, with over 95% of insomnia patients being prescribed hypnotics in some countries. Many hypnotic drugs are habit-forming and—due to many factors kno ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pellotine
Pellotine, also known as peyotline or ''N''-methylanhalonidine, is a tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid found in '' Lophophora'' species, in particular ''L. diffusa''. It is the second most common alkaloid found in ''Lophophora williamsii'' (peyote). Pellotine is slightly sedative, and has been used by Native Americans as a constituent of peyote for sacramental purposes. It was reportedly once marketed for use as a sedative. Pharmacology and effects Doses of 8 to 10mg of isolated pellotine are known to cause convulsions in frogs. When injected subcutaneously to humans, participants have reported drowsiness and a desire not to exert any physical or mental effort, with one study reporting it to have hypnotic effects. It is also reported to lower blood pressure and heart rate. Pellotine produced no hallucinogenic effects in humans at doses of up to 250mg. However, it has been reported to have a calming or sedative effect instead. Pellotine has been identified as a selective an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anhalidine
Anhalidine is a naturally occurring tetrahydroisoquinoline based alkaloid which can be isolated from ''Lophophora williamsii''; it has also been detected other cactii and several species of ''Acacia''. It is part of a family of compounds that are structurally related to mescaline. Anhalidine has been found to act as a potent inverse agonist of the serotonin 5-HT7 receptor. See also * Substituted tetrahydroisoquinoline * Pellotine Pellotine, also known as peyotline or ''N''-methylanhalonidine, is a tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid found in '' Lophophora'' species, in particular ''L. diffusa''. It is the second most common alkaloid found in ''Lophophora williamsii'' (peyo ... References External links Anhalidine - Isomer Design 5-HT7 antagonists Lophophora Norsalsolinol ethers Tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids {{Alkaloid-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sedative
A sedative or tranquilliser is a substance that induces sedation by reducing irritability or Psychomotor agitation, excitement. They are central nervous system (CNS) Depressant, depressants and interact with brain activity, causing its deceleration. Various kinds of sedatives can be distinguished, but the majority of them affect the neurotransmitter Gamma-Aminobutyric acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Most sedatives produce relaxing effects by increasing GABA activity. This group is related to hypnotics. The term ''sedative'' describes drugs that serve to calm or Anxiolytic, relieve anxiety, whereas the term ''hypnotic'' describes drugs whose main purpose is to initiate, sustain, or lengthen sleep. Because these two functions frequently overlap, and because drugs in this class generally produce dose-dependent effects (ranging from anxiolysis to loss of consciousness), they are often referred to collectively as ''sedative–hypnotic'' drugs. Terminology There is some overlap ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Torr
The torr (symbol: Torr) is a Pressure#Units, unit of pressure based on an absolute scale, defined as exactly of a standard atmosphere (unit), atmosphere (101325 Pa). Thus one torr is exactly (≈ ). Historically, one torr was intended to be the same as one "millimetre of mercury", but subsequent redefinitions of the two units of measurement, units made the torr marginally lower (by less than 0.000015%). The torr is not part of the International System of Units (SI). Even so, it is often combined with the metric prefix milli to name one millitorr (mTorr), equal to 0.001 Torr. The unit was named after Evangelista Torricelli, an Italian physicist and mathematician who discovered the principle of the barometer in 1644. Nomenclature and common errors The unit name ''torr'' is written in letter case, lower case, while its symbol ("Torr") is always written with an uppercase initial; including in combinations with prefixes and other unit symbols, as in "mTorr" (millitorr) or " ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anhalonidine
Anhalonidine, also known as ''N''-desmethylpellotine, a naturally occurring tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid which can be isolated from certain members of the cactus family, such as ''Lophophora''. It is structurally related to mescaline. Anhalonidine produced no hallucinogenic effects in humans at doses of up to 250mg. However, it has been reported to have a calming or sedative effect instead, with about one-fourth the potency of pellotine and with marked sedation occurring at doses of 100 to 250mg. Anhalonidine has been found to act as a potent inverse agonist of the serotonin 5-HT7 receptor. See also * Substituted tetrahydroisoquinoline * Anhalamine * Anhalidine * Anhalinine * Gigantine * Pellotine Pellotine, also known as peyotline or ''N''-methylanhalonidine, is a tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid found in '' Lophophora'' species, in particular ''L. diffusa''. It is the second most common alkaloid found in ''Lophophora williamsii'' (peyo ... References External lin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ernst Späth
Ernst Späth (; 14 May 1886 in Moravský Beroun – 30 September 1946 in Zurich) was an Austrian chemist, specializing in natural products. Life Späth was the first to synthesise mescaline and was one of the first to synthesize cuscohygrine on a small scale with Hans Tuppy. He lost everything in World War II, and died with no money. His former student Percy Lavon Julian returned to Vienna, paid for his funeral, and commissioned a bust of Späth, which is still displayed in the foyer of the ''Faculty of Chemistry'' of the University of Vienna The University of Vienna (, ) is a public university, public research university in Vienna, Austria. Founded by Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria, Duke Rudolph IV in 1365, it is the oldest university in the German-speaking world and among the largest .... A second cast of the bust was erected in 1961 in the ''Arkadenhof'' of the University of Vienna. References Biography * Publications * Austrian chemists 1886 births 1946 death ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
