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Alfredo Astiz
Alfredo Ignacio Astiz (born 8 November 1951) is a convicted war criminal and former Argentine military commander, intelligence officer, and naval commando who served in the Argentine Navy during the military dictatorship of Jorge Rafael Videla during the Proceso de Reorganización Nacional (1976–1983). He was known as ''El Ángel Rubio de la Muerte'' (the "Blond Angel of Death"), and had a reputation as a torturer. He was discharged from the military in 1998 after defending his actions in a press interview. He was a member of GT 3.3.2 (Task Group 3.3.2) based in the Naval Mechanics School ( ESMA) in Buenos Aires during the Dirty War of 1976–1983. The school was adapted as a secret detention and torture center for political prisoners. As many as 5,000 political prisoners were interrogated, tortured and murdered in the ESMA during those years. GT 3.3.2 was involved in some of the 8,961 deaths and other crimes documented by a national commission after the restoration of demo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Commander (naval)
Commander (commonly abbreviated as Cmdr.) is a common naval officer rank as well as a job title in many armies. Commander is also used as a rank or title in other formal organizations, including several police forces. In several countries, this naval rank is termed as a frigate captain. Commander is also a generic term for an officer commanding any armed forces unit, such as " platoon commander", "brigade commander" and " squadron commander". In the police, terms such as "borough commander" and "incident commander" are used. Commander as a naval and air force rank Commander is a rank used primarily in navies, and is very rarely used as a rank in armies. In most armies, the term "commander" is used as a job title. For example, in the US Army, an officer with the rank of captain ( NATO rank code OF-2) may hold the title of "company commander", whereas an officer with the rank of lieutenant colonel ( NATO rank code OF-4) typically holds the title of "battalion commander". Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Azucena Villaflor
Azucena Villaflor (7 April 1924 – 10 December 1977) was an Argentine activist and one of the founders of the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo, a human rights organisation which looks for the victims of enforced disappearances during Argentina's Dirty War. Personal life Villaflor was born into a lower-class family to Florentino Villaflor, a 21-year-old wool factory worker, and his 15-year-old wife, Emma Nitz. Villaflor's paternal family had a history of involvement in militant Peronism. At the age of 16, Villaflor started working as a secretary for a home appliances company, where she met Pedro de Vincenti, a labour union delegate. She and de Vincenti married in 1949, and had four children together. They lived in Villa Dominico in Buenos Aires Province. Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo On 30 November 1976, eight months after the establishment of the National Reorganisation Process, Villaflor's son Néstor and his girlfriend Raquel Mangin were abducted. Villaflor attempted to sea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jorge Eduardo Acosta
Jorge Eduardo Acosta (born 27 May 1941), alias "''el Tigre''" ("The Tiger") is an Argentine corvette captain, head of Task Group (''Grupo de Tareas'') 3.3.2 of the ESMA naval school and in charge of this detention center during the Operation Condor. He took decisions concerning torture and assassinations in the ESMA center. In 2011, he was sentenced to life imprisonment for the murders of the French nuns Léonie Duquet and Alice Domon, and of the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo Azucena Villaflor, Esther Ballestrino and María Ponce, as well as of the death of the Swedish-Argentine teenager Dagmar Hagelin and of Argentine journalist and fiction writer Rodolfo Walsh. In total, he is accused of approximately 80 crimes. Biography Jorge Acosta travelled in 1981 to South Africa to assist the apartheid government as a military instructor in matters of counter-insurgency. In 1998, it was discovered that he had a secret Swiss bank account which may have been used to keep goods stol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crimes Against Humanity
Crimes against humanity are certain serious crimes committed as part of a large-scale attack against civilians. Unlike war crimes, crimes against humanity can be committed during both peace and war and against a state's own nationals as well as foreign nationals.Margaret M. DeGuzma"Crimes Against Humanity"''Research Handbook on International Criminal Law'', Bartram S. Brown, ed., Edgar Elgar Publishing, 2011. Together with war crimes, genocide, and the crime of aggression, crimes against humanity are one of the core crimes of international criminal law and, like other crimes against international law, have no temporal or jurisdictional limitations on prosecution (where universal jurisdiction is recognized). The first prosecution for crimes against humanity took place during the Nuremberg trials against defeated leaders of Nazi Germany. Crimes against humanity have been prosecuted by other international courts (such as the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugosl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ley De Punto Final
Ley may refer to: Toponyms * Ley (landform), name for a crag, rock or cliff in the north German language area * Ley (crater), crater on the Moon * Ley, Moselle, commune in France * Ley Hill, hill in England People * Ley Matampi (born 1989), Congolese professional footballer * Ley Sander, professor of neurology and clinical epilepsy at University College London * Ley baronets, baronetcies in England and the United Kingdom ** Francis Ley (1846–1916), 1st Baronet * Bob Ley (born 1955), American sportscaster * David Ley, Canadian Geographer * Douglas Ley, American educator and politician * Duncan Ley, Australian playwright * Felix Ley (1909–1972), Roman Catholic bishop * Gary Ley (born 1956), Welsh writer * George Ley (born 1946), English footballer * Henry Ley (organist) (1887–1962), English musician * Herbert Ley, Jr., American doctor * Hugh Ley (1790–1837), English physician * James Ley, 1st Earl of Marlborough (1552–1629), English jurist * John Le ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ley De Obediencia Debida
The Law of Due Obedience () was a law passed by the National Congress of Argentina after the end of the military dictatorship of the Proceso de Reorganización Nacional (which started with a coup d'état in 1976 and ended in 1983). Formally, this law is referred to by number (Law No. 23,521), like all others in Argentine legislation, but ''Ley de Obediencia Debida'' is the only designation in common use, even in official speeches. The law was passed on 4 June 1987. It dictates that it must be assumed, without admitting proof to the contrary, that all officers and their subordinates including common personnel of the Armed Forces, the Police, the Penitentiary Service and other security agencies cannot be legally punished for crimes committed during the dictatorship as they were acting out of due obedience, that is, obeying orders from their superiors (in this case, the heads of the military government, who had already been tried in the Trial of the Juntas). This law was passed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Impunity Laws (Argentina)
The term "impunity laws" () refers to two laws and a series of presidential decrees enacted between 1986 and 1990, which prevented the prosecution or execution of convictions against perpetrators of crimes against humanity during the Dirty War, state terrorism carried out by the National Reorganization Process, Military Junta in the 1976 Argentine coup d'état, 1976 civil-military ''coup d'état'', which De facto, governed from 1976 to 1983. On May 3, 2017, the Supreme Court issued a ruling that allows the 2x1 law, sentences of persons found guilty of crimes against humanity to be significantly reduced, by application of the so-called "2x1 law, two for one". Background The ''1976 coup d'état'' –called "''Aries Operatio''n" by its perpetrators– was the Coup d'état, civil-military rebellion that deposed the Argentine Nation President, Isabel Perón, María Estela Martínez de Perón, on March 24, 1976. In its place, a Military Junta (Argentina, 1976), Military Government Ju ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Argentine Supreme Court
The Supreme Court of Argentina (), officially known as the Supreme Court of Justice of the Argentine Nation (, CSJN), is the highest court of law of the Argentine Republic. It was inaugurated on 15 January 1863. During much of the 20th century, it and the Argentine judicial system in general lacked autonomy from the executive power. It was reformed in 2003 by the decree 222/03. The Supreme Court functions as a last resort tribunal. Its rulings cannot be appealed. It also decides on cases dealing with the interpretation of the constitution (for example, it can overturn a law passed by Congress if deems it unconstitutional). The members of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President with the agreement of at least two-thirds of the present Senate members in a session convened for that purpose, and can only be removed by an impeachment process called ''juicio político'' ("political trial"), initiated by the Chamber of Deputies and carried out by the Senate, exclusively on gr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trial In Absentia
Trial in absentia is a criminal proceeding in a court of law in which the person being tried is not present. is Latin for "in (the) absence". Its interpretation varies by jurisdiction and legal system. In common law legal systems, the phrase is more than a spatial description. In these systems, it suggests a recognition of a violation of a defendant's right to be present in court proceedings in a criminal trial. Conviction in a trial in which a defendant is not present to answer the charges is held to be a violation of natural justice. Specifically, it violates the second principles of natural justice, principle of natural justice, (hear the other party). In some Civil law (legal system), civil law legal systems, such as that of Italy, is a recognized and accepted defense strategy. Such trials may require the presence of the defendant's lawyer, depending on the country. Europe Member states of the Council of Europe that are party to the European Convention on Human Rights ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cour D'assises
In France, a ''cour d'assises'', or Court of Assizes or Assize Court, is a Criminal law, criminal trial court with original jurisdiction, original and Appellate jurisdiction, appellate limited jurisdiction to hear cases involving defendants accused of felonies, meaning crimes as defined in French language, French law. It is the only French court that uses a jury trial. Justiciable matters Under French criminal law, the definition of a is limited to any criminal act punishable by over ten years of prison, including murder and rape. Previous death penalty application The ''cour d'assises'', uniquely outside military law, could sentence proven convicts for serious crimes, e.g. murder (''assassinat'' or ''meurtre'') to the death penalty, until it was Capital_punishment_in_France#Abolition_process_in_1981, abolished from French law in September 1981. In the sentencing phase, a qualified majority would vote on the verdict, or 2/3 of the jury, the same procedure as in rendering the gu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Law
International law, also known as public international law and the law of nations, is the set of Rule of law, rules, norms, Customary law, legal customs and standards that State (polity), states and other actors feel an obligation to, and generally do, obey in their mutual relations. In international relations, actors are simply the individuals and collective entities, such as states, International organization, international organizations, and non-state groups, which can make behavioral choices, whether lawful or unlawful. Rules are formal, typically written expectations that outline required behavior, while norms are informal, often unwritten guidelines about appropriate behavior that are shaped by custom and social practice. It establishes norms for states across a broad range of domains, including war and diplomacy, Trade, economic relations, and human rights. International law differs from state-based List of national legal systems, domestic legal systems in that it operates ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
