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Activating Transcription Factor-1
Cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ATF1'' gene. This gene encodes an activating transcription factor, which belongs to the ATF subfamily and bZIP (basic-region leucine zipper) family. It influences cellular physiologic processes by regulating the expression of downstream target genes, which are related to growth, survival, and other cellular activities. This protein is phosphorylated at serine 63 in its kinase-inducible domain by serine/threonine kinases, cAMP-dependent protein kinase A, calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I/II, mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase and cyclin-dependent kinase 3 (cdk-3). Its phosphorylation enhances its transactivation and transcriptional activities, and enhances cell transformation. Clinical significance Fusion of this gene and FUS on chromosome 16 or EWSR1 on chromosome 22 induced by translocation generates chimeric proteins in angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma and clea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residue (biochemistry), residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including Enzyme catalysis, catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, Cell signaling, responding to stimuli, providing Cytoskeleton, structure to cells and Fibrous protein, organisms, and Intracellular transport, transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the Nucleic acid sequence, nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific Protein structure, 3D structure that determines its activity. A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide. A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides, containing less than 20–30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called pep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Activating Transcription Factor
Activating transcription factor, ATF, is a group of bZIP transcription factors, which act as homodimers or heterodimers with a range of other bZIP factors. First, they have been described as members of the CREB/ATF family, whereas it turned out later that some of them might be more similar to AP-1-like factors such as c-Jun or c-Fos. In general, ATFs are known to respond to extracellular signals and this suggests an important role that they have in maintaining homeostasis. Some of these ATFs, such as ATF3, ATF4, and ATF6 are known to play a role in stress responses. Another example of ATFs function would be ATFx that can suppress apoptosis. Genes include ATF1, ATF2, ATF3, ATF4, ATF5, ATF6 Activating transcription factor 6, also known as ATF6, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ''ATF6'' gene and is involved in the unfolded protein response. Function ATF6 is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-regulated transmembr ..., ATF7, ATFx. References Extern ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CAMK2A
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha (CAMKIIα), protein kinase , is one subunit of CamKII, a protein kinase (i.e., an enzyme which phosphorylates proteins) that in humans is encoded by the ''CAMK2A'' gene. Function The product of the CAMK2A gene is an enzyme that belongs to the serine/threonine-specific protein kinase family, as well as the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II subfamily. Ca2+ signaling is crucial for several aspects of synaptic plasticity at glutamatergic synapses. This enzyme is composed of four different chains: alpha, beta, gamma, and delta. The alpha chain encoded by this gene is required for hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) and spatial learning. In addition to its calcium-calmodulin (CaM)-dependent activity, this protein can undergo autophosphorylation, resulting in CaM-independent activity. Two transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene. According to a 2018 study by Bru ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phospholipase D
Phospholipase D (PLD) (EC 3.1.4.4; also known as lipophosphodiesterase II, lecithinase D, choline phosphatase; systematic name: phosphatidylcholine phosphatidohydrolase) is an anesthetic-sensitive and mechanosensitive enzyme of the phospholipase protein superfamily that catalyzes the hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids. The canonical reaction is: :\text + \text_2\text \rightarrow \text + \text Phospholipases occur widely across bacteria, yeast, plants, animals, and viruses. PLD's principal substrate is phosphatidylcholine, which it hydrolyzes to produce the membrane lipid phosphatidic acid (PA) and soluble choline in a cholesterol-dependent process termed substrate presentation. Plants encode numerous PLD isoenzymes, with molecular weights ranging from approximately 90 to 125 kilodalton, kDa. In mammals, six PLD isoenzymes (PLD1–PLD6) are expressed. PLD1 and PLD2 are the best characterized, responsible for classical phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis and PA signaling. Other is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Casein Kinase 2, Alpha 1
Casein kinase II subunit alpha is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''CSNK2A1'' gene. Casein kinase II is a serine/threonine protein kinase that phosphorylates acidic proteins such as casein. The kinase exists as a tetramer and is composed of an alpha, an alpha-prime, and two beta subunits. The alpha subunits contain the catalytic activity while the beta subunits undergo autophosphorylation. The protein encoded by this gene represents the alpha subunit. While this gene is found on chromosome 20, a related transcribed pseudogene is found on chromosome 11. Three transcript variants encoding two different proteins have been found for this gene. Interactions Casein kinase 2, alpha 1 has been shown to interact with: * APC, * ATF1, * ATF2, * C-Fos, * C-jun, * CDC25B, * CHEK1, * CREBBP, * CSNK2B, * DDIT3, * FGF1, * FGF2, * HNRPA2B1 * MAPK14, * PIN1, * PLEKHO1, * PTEN, * RELA, * TAF1 Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 1, also ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CSNK2A2
Casein kinase II subunit alpha' is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''CSNK2A2'' gene. Interactions CSNK2A2 has been shown to interact with over 160 different substrates. CSNK2A2 has been shown to interact with: * Activating transcription factor 2, * ATF1, * C-Fos, * CREB binding protein, * CSNK2B, * FGF1, * Nucleolin, * PIN1, * PTEN, and * RELA Transcription factor p65 also known as nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p65 subunit is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RELA'' gene. RELA, also known as p65, is a REL-associated protein involved in NF-κB heterodimer formation, nuclear tra .... References External links * * Further reading * * {{gene-16-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
BRCA1
Breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''BRCA1'' () gene. Orthologs are common in other vertebrate species, whereas invertebrate genomes may encode a more distantly related gene. ''BRCA1'' is a human tumor suppressor gene (also known as a caretaker gene) and is responsible for repairing DNA. ''BRCA1'' and ''BRCA2'' are unrelated proteins, but both are normally expressed in the cells of breast and other tissues, where they help repair damaged DNA, or destroy cells if DNA cannot be repaired. They are involved in the repair of chromosomal damage with an important role in the error-free repair of DNA double-strand breaks. If ''BRCA1'' or ''BRCA2'' itself is damaged by a BRCA mutation, damaged DNA is not repaired properly, and this increases the risk for breast cancer. ''BRCA1'' and ''BRCA2'' have been described as "breast cancer susceptibility genes" and "breast cancer susceptibility proteins". The predominant allele has a no ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clear Cell Sarcoma
Clear cell sarcoma is a sub-type of a rare form of cancer called a sarcoma. It is known to occur mainly in the soft tissues and dermis. Rare forms were thought to occur in the gastrointestinal tract before they were discovered to be different and redesignated as gastrointestinal neuroectodermal tumors. Recurrence is common. Clear cell sarcoma's neoplastic cells express the ''EWSR1-ATF1'' fusion gene in a majority of cases or a ''EWSR1-CREB1'', ''EWSR1-CREM'', or ''EWSR1-DDIT3'' fusion gene in a small subset of cases (see FET gene family of fusion genes). Clear cell sarcoma of the soft tissues in adults is not related to the pediatric tumor known as clear cell sarcoma of the kidney. Signs and symptoms It presents as a slow growing mass that especially affects tendons and aponeuroses and it is deeply situated. Patients often perceive it as a lump or hard mass. It causes either pain or tenderness but only until it becomes large enough. This kind of tumor is commonly found in th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gene
In biology, the word gene has two meanings. The Mendelian gene is a basic unit of heredity. The molecular gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA. There are two types of molecular genes: protein-coding genes and non-coding genes. During gene expression (the synthesis of Gene product, RNA or protein from a gene), DNA is first transcription (biology), copied into RNA. RNA can be non-coding RNA, directly functional or be the intermediate protein biosynthesis, template for the synthesis of a protein. The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring, is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits from one generation to the next. These genes make up different DNA sequences, together called a genotype, that is specific to every given individual, within the gene pool of the population (biology), population of a given species. The genotype, along with environmental and developmental factors, ultimately determines the phenotype ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Angiomatoid Fibrous Histiocytoma
Angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma (AFH) is a rare soft tissue cancer that affects children and young adults. Pathology It is characterized by cystic blood-filled spaces and composed of histiocyte-like cells. A lymphocytic cuff is common. It often simulates a vascular lesion, and was initially described as doing this. AFH typically has a chromosomal translocation involving the ATF1 gene -- t(12;16) FUS/ATF1 or t(12;22) EWS/ATF1. Diagnosis Treatment See also * Granulomatous inflammation * Vascular tumor A vascular tumor is a vascular anomaly where a tumor forms from cells that make blood or lymph vessels; a soft tissue growth that can be either benign or malignant. Examples of vascular tumors include hemangiomas, hemangioendotheliomas, Kapo ... References External links Soft tissue disorders {{oncology-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
EWSR1
RNA-binding protein EWS is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''EWSR1'' gene on human chromosome 22, specifically 22q12.2. It is one of 3 proteins in the FET protein family. Clinical significance The q22.2 region of chromosome 22 encodes the N-terminal transactivation domain of the EWS protein and that region may become joined to one of several other chromosomes which encode various transcription factors; see EWS/FLI and OMIM-133450. The expression of a chimeric protein with the EWS transactivation domain fused to the DNA binding region of a transcription factor generates a powerful oncogenic protein causing Ewing sarcoma and other members of the Ewing family of tumors. These translocations can occur due to chromoplexy, a burst of complex chromosomal rearrangements seen in cancer cells. The normal EWS gene encodes an RNA binding protein closely related to FUS (gene) and TAF15, all of which have been associated to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Interactions The EWS ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
