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Abecadło
Lozynskyi's abecadło ( ; , ) was a kind of Latin alphabet for the Ukrainian language, which was developed on the basis of the Polish alphabet and published in Galicia in 1834 by Joseph Lozynskyi. Lozynskyi proposed to adopt this alphabet instead of the Church Slavonic Cyrillic alphabet. The idea failed due to criticism from the Ukrainian Galician intelligentsia, including the Ruthenian Triad. History In 1834, Joseph Lozynskyi proposed the complete translation of the Ruthenian (Ukrainian) language into the Latin alphabet, writing an article on the introduction of the Polish alphabet to the Ruthenian alphabet (''O wprowadzeniu abecadła polskiego do piśmiennictwa ruskiego'') and elaborating (in Ukrainian) the manuscript the book "Ruskoje wesile" (1835).''J. Lozinskiy.'Ruskoje wesile.W Peremyszły, w Typografii Władycznój gr. kat. 1835 DF/ref> He based his alphabet on Polish spelling. Lozynskyi was not the first to express this idea: in the early 19th century. Schletzer su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ukrainian Latin Alphabet
The Ukrainian Latin alphabet is the form of the Latin script used for writing, transliteration, and retransliteration of Ukrainian. The Latin alphabet has been proposed or imposed several times in the history in Ukraine, but it has never replaced the dominant Cyrillic Ukrainian alphabet. Characteristics Standard Ukrainian has been written with the Cyrillic script in a tradition going back to the introduction of Christianity and Old Church Slavonic to Kievan Rus'. Proposals for Latinization, if not imposed for outright political reasons, have always been politically charged and have never been generally accepted, although some proposals to create an official Latin alphabet for Ukrainian have been expressed lately by national intelligentsia. While superficially similar to a Latin alphabet, transliteration of Ukrainian from Cyrillic into the Latin script (or ''romanization'') is usually not intended for native speakers, and may be designed for certain academic requirements or t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alphabetical War
The Alphabet War, also called the Alphabet Blizzard, was a controversy in the 19th century among Galician Ukrainians, which concerned attempts to romanize the Ukrainian alphabet. The name may be derived from the discussions that took place in the early 1830s about the orthography of the Slovenian language ― the term (in ) was first used by Matija Čop in an article of the same name, published 27 July 1833 in the magazine ''Illyrisches Blatt''. It is still unclear when the term was first used in the context of linguistic and orthographic discussions in Galicia. The first stage of the Alphabet War began in 1834 after the publication of a work by Joseph Lozynskyi in which it was argued that Latin letters, in contrast to the "dead" Cyrillic alphabet, could more fully and accurately reflect the nature of the Ukrainian language. Its second stage began in 1859 after the publication of a proposal by Josef Jireček to remake the Ukrainian writing system on the basis of the Czech alph ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alphabet War
The Alphabet War, also called the Alphabet Blizzard, was a controversy in the 19th century among Galicia (Eastern Europe), Galician Ukrainians, which concerned attempts to Romanization of Ukrainian, romanize the Ukrainian alphabet. The name may be derived from the discussions that took place in the early 1830s about the orthography of the Slovenian language ― the term (in ) was first used by Matija Čop in an article of the same name, published 27 July 1833 in the magazine ''Illyrisches Blatt''. It is still unclear when the term was first used in the context of linguistic and orthographic discussions in Galicia. The first stage of the Alphabet War began in 1834 after the publication of a work by Joseph Lozynskyi in which it was argued that Latin letters, in contrast to the "dead" Cyrillic alphabet, could more fully and accurately reflect the nature of the Ukrainian language. Its second stage began in 1859 after the publication of a Ukrainian Latin alphabet, proposal by Josef Jir ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ruthenian Triad
The Ruthenian Trinity ( Ruthenian: Руська троица; ) was a Galician literary group led by Markiian Shashkevych, Yakiv Holovatskyi, and Ivan Vahylevych, which began a national and cultural revival in the western Ukrainian lands in the late 1820s (1833–1837).Руська трійця Украинская советская энциклопедия [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ruthenian Language
Ruthenian (see also #Nomenclature, other names) is an exonymic linguonym for a closely related group of East Slavic languages, East Slavic linguistic Variety (linguistics), varieties, particularly those spoken from the 15th to 18th centuries in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and in East Slavs, East Slavic regions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Regional Sprachraum, distribution of those varieties, both in their Literary language, literary and Vernacular language, vernacular forms, corresponded approximately to the territories of the modern states of Belarus and Ukraine. By the end of the 18th century, they gradually diverged into regional variants, which subsequently developed into the modern Belarusian language, Belarusian, Ukrainian language, Ukrainian, and Rusyn language, Rusyn languages, all of which are mutually intelligible. Several Linguistics, linguistic issues are debated among linguists: various questions related to classification of literary and vernacular vari ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Josip Voltiggi
Josip Voltiggi or Josip Voltić (1750–1825) was a Venetian linguist from Istria. In 1803, he published his ''Grammatica illirica'', in ''Ricoslovnik illiricskoga, italianskoga i nimacskoga jezika s’ jednom pridpostavljenomm grammatikom illi pismenstvom: sve ovo sabrano i sloxeno od Jose Voltiggi Istranina'' (A dictionary of the Illyrian, Italian and German languages with a grammar and orthography), in Vienna. Because of his Pan-Slavic views, he was subject to harassment from the Austrian police. He died in a hospital and in great poverty. Sources * Viktor Novak Viktor Novak (4 February 1889 – 1 January 1977) was a Yugoslav Croat historian, professor at the University of Belgrade and full member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (SANU), and a corresponding member of the Yugoslav Academy of S ...: ''Vuk i Hrvati'' (Vuk and the Croats) Linguists from Croatia 1750 births 1825 deaths Republic of Venice writers 19th-century linguists Scholars from the Repu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jernej Kopitar
Jernej Kopitar, also known as Bartholomeus Kopitar (21 August 1780 – 11 August 1844), was a Slovene linguist and philologist working in Vienna. He also worked as the Imperial censor for Slovene literature in Vienna. He is perhaps best known for his role in the Serbian language reform started by Vuk Stefanović Karadžić, where he played a vital role in supporting the reform by using his reputation and influence as a Slavic philologist. Early life Kopitar was born in the small Carniolan village of Repnje near Vodice, in what was then the Habsburg monarchy and is now in Slovenia. After graduating from the lyceum in Ljubljana, he became a private teacher in the house of baron Sigmund Zois, a renowned entrepreneur, scientist and patron of arts. Kopitar later became Zois' personal secretary and librarian. During this period, he became acquainted with the circle of Enlightenment intellectuals that gathered in Zois' mansion, such as the playwright and historian Anton Tomaž ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Markiyan Shashkevych
Markiian Semenovych Shashkevych (; November 6, 1811 in Pidlyssia, Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria – June 7, 1843 in Novosilky, Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria) was a priest of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, a poet, a translator, and the leader of the literary revival in Right-bank Ukraine. Shashkevych's parents were Simon Shaskevych (Szaszkiewicz) and Elizabeth Audykowska, who was the daughter of Rev. Romanus Audykowski, the Greek Catholic parish priest in Pidlyssia. In 1832, Shashkevych and fellow students organized a group aimed at the rise of the Ukrainian dialect free of Church Slavonic and alien 'styles' up to the literary language. He graduated from the Greek Catholic Theological Seminary at University of Lviv in 1838 and worked as a priest in the rural Lwow powiat. During his studies he met Yakiv Holovatsky and Ivan Vahylevych, with whom he formed the Ruthenian Triad (aka ''Ruska Triitsia''). The activities of the Shashkevych circle constituted not only a li ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polish Alphabet
The Polish alphabet ( Polish: , ) is the script of the Polish language, the basis for the Polish system of orthography. It is based on the Latin alphabet but includes certain letters (9) with diacritics: the stroke (acute accent or bar) – : ; the overdot – : ; and the tail or ''ogonek'' – . The letters , , and , which are used only in foreign words, are usually absent from the Polish alphabet. Additionally, before the standardization of Polish spelling, was sometimes used in place of , and in place of . Modified variations of the Polish alphabet are used for writing Silesian and Kashubian, whereas the Sorbian languages use a mixture of Polish and Czech orthography. Letters: aspect, name, value There are 32 letters in the Polish alphabet: 9 vowels and 23 consonants. , , and are not used in any native Polish words and are mostly found in foreign words (such as place names) and commercial names. In loanwords they are usually replaced by , , and , res ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Second Polish Republic
The Second Polish Republic, at the time officially known as the Republic of Poland, was a country in Central and Eastern Europe that existed between 7 October 1918 and 6 October 1939. The state was established in the final stage of World War I. The Second Republic was taken over in 1939, after it was invaded by Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, and the Slovak Republic, marking the beginning of the European theatre of the Second World War. The Polish government-in-exile was established in Paris and later London after the fall of France in 1940. When, after several regional conflicts, most importantly the victorious Polish-Soviet war, the borders of the state were finalized in 1922, Poland's neighbours were Czechoslovakia, Germany, the Free City of Danzig, Lithuania, Latvia, Romania, and the Soviet Union. It had access to the Baltic Sea via a short strip of coastline known as the Polish Corridor on either side of the city of Gdynia. Between March and August 1939, Poland a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the world's countries participated, with many nations mobilising all resources in pursuit of total war. Tanks in World War II, Tanks and Air warfare of World War II, aircraft played major roles, enabling the strategic bombing of cities and delivery of the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, first and only nuclear weapons ever used in war. World War II is the List of wars by death toll, deadliest conflict in history, causing World War II casualties, the death of 70 to 85 million people, more than half of whom were civilians. Millions died in genocides, including the Holocaust, and by massacres, starvation, and disease. After the Allied victory, Allied-occupied Germany, Germany, Allied-occupied Austria, Austria, Occupation of Japan, Japan, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
