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2C-MMDA-2
2C-MMDA-2 (2C-2), also known as MMDPEA-2 or 6-methoxy-MDPEA, as well as 2-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyphenethylamine, is a serotonin 5-HT2 receptor agonist of the phenethylamine and methylenedioxyphenethylamine families. "The phenethylamine analog of MMDA-2 has been prepared ..The product, 2-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyphenethylamine hydrochloride (2C-MMDA-2 2C-2) ..There were no effects observed at up to 2.6 milligrams, but no higher trials were made. ..The 4-carbon homologue was made similarly ..to give 1-(2-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-aminobutane hydrochloride (4C-MMDA-2 4C-2) ..This material has never even been tasted. ..The Tweetio homologue of MMDA-2 has been tasted, however. This is 2-ethoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyamphetamine, or EMDA-2. ..At 135 milligrams, there have been reported eyes-closed visual phenomena, with intense colors. The overall duration is similar to MMDA-2 (some 10 hours) and there are reported sleep disturbances. At 185 milligrams, the feelings were ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2C2-NBOMe
2C2-NBOMe, also known as 2C-MMDA-2-NBOMe or NBOMe-MMDPEA-2, is a phenethylamine derivative from the 25-NB (NBOMe) family. It is the NBOMe derivative of 2C-MMDA-2 (MMDPEA-2). It acts as a potent agonist at the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor with weaker activity at 5-HT2B and 5-HT2C, and produces a head-twitch response in animal studies which often correlates with potential for psychedelic effects in humans. It is related in structure to psychedelic phenethylamine derivatives such as MMDA-2 and lophophine (MMDPEA) and is the first phenethylamine derivative with a methylenedioxy substitution on the phenyl ring but no alkyl substitution on the alpha carbon, that has been shown to produce psychedelic-appropriate responding in animals. The drug was first described in the literature by Jason Wallach and colleagues in 2022 and 2023. See also * Substituted methoxyphenethylamine * 25-NB * 25C-NBOMe (NBOMe-2C-C) * DMMDA * MMDA (drug) * MDPEA * NBOMe-mescaline NBOMe-mescaline, also kno ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Substituted Methoxyphenethylamine
Methoxyphenethylamines (MPEAs), as well as methoxyamphetamines (MAs) in the case of the amphetamine (α-methylphenethylamine) homologues, are substituted phenethylamines with one or more methoxy groups. In some cases, one or more of the methoxy groups may also be extended to form other alkoxy and related groups such as ethoxy or propoxy. Methoxyphenethylamines may have additional substitutions as well. Many methoxyphenethylamines that have multiple methoxy groups in the 2- through 5-positions of the phenyl ring, for instance mescaline, 2C-B, TMA, DOM, and 25I-NBOMe, are serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonists and serotonergic psychedelics. Other methoxyphenethylamines, particularly monomethoxyamphetamines like ''para''-methoxyamphetamine (PMA), are monoamine releasing agents of serotonin, norepinephrine, and/or dopamine, with stimulant and/or entactogen-related effects. Compounds closely related to methoxyphenethylamines include methylenedioxyphenethylamines (MDxx) like M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
5-HT2C Receptor
The 5-HT2C receptor is a subtype of the 5-HT2 receptor that binds the endogenous neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT). Like all 5-HT2 receptors, it is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that is coupled to Gq/G11 and mediates excitatory neurotransmission. ''HTR2C'' denotes the human gene encoding for the receptor, that in humans is located on the X chromosome. As males have one copy of the gene and females have one of the two copies of the gene repressed, polymorphisms at this receptor can affect the two sexes to differing extent. Structure At the cell surface the receptor exists as a homodimer. The crystal structure has been known since 2018. Distribution 5-HT2C receptors are located mainly in the choroid plexus, and in rats is also found in many other brain regions in high concentrations, including parts of the hippocampus, anterior olfactory nucleus, substantia nigra, several brainstem nuclei, amygdala, subthalamic nucleus and lateral habenula. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Substituted Methylenedioxyphenethylamine
The substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamines (abbreviated as MDxx) represent a diverse chemical class of compounds derived from phenethylamines. This category encompasses numerous Psychoactive drug, psychoactive substances with Empathogen, entactogenic, Psychedelic drug, psychedelic, and/or stimulant properties, in addition to entheogens. These compounds find application as research chemicals, designer drugs, and recreational substances. The base chemical compound, compound of the MDxx class is methylenedioxyphenethylamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyphenethylamine (MDPEA), and the prototypical agent of this class is MDMA, 3,4-methylenedioxy-''N''-methylamphetamine (MDMA; "ecstasy"). Other notable MDxx class substances include 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), methylenedioxyethylamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxy-''N''-ethylamphetamine (MDEA; "Eve"), methylbenzodioxolylbutanamine, ''N''-methyl-1,3-benzodioxolylbutanamine (MBDB; "Eden"), and methylenedioxymethcathinone, 3,4-methylenedioxy- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jason Wallach
Jason Wallach (born 1987) is an American pharmacologist who studies psychedelic drugs and other hallucinogens. He is an assistant professor at Saint Joseph's University's Philadelphia College of Pharmacy. In August 2020, Wallach began a partnership with the pharmaceutical company Compass Pathways for his research lab to develop novel psychedelic drugs as therapeutics. Hamilton Morris, a psychedelic journalist and the host of ''Hamilton's Pharmacopeia'', works as a chemist in Wallach's lab. Wallach graduated from Indiana University of Pennsylvania with his bachelor's degree in cell and molecular biology in 2008 and graduated with his Doctor of Philosophy degree in pharmacology and toxicology from the University of the Sciences in 2014. In 2023, Wallach, Morris, and other colleagues published a key paper characterizing the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor intracellular signaling cascades mediating the head-twitch response The head-twitch response (HTR), also sometimes known as wet ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Serotonin Receptor
5-HT receptors, 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors, or serotonin receptors, are a group of G protein-coupled receptor and ligand-gated ion channels found in multiple tissues including the central and peripheral nervous systems. They mediate both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission. The serotonin (i.e., 5-hydroxytryptamine, hence "5-HT") receptors are activated by the neurotransmitter serotonin, which acts as their natural ligand. The serotonin receptors modulate the release of many neurotransmitters, including glutamate, GABA, dopamine, epinephrine / norepinephrine, and acetylcholine, as well as many hormones, including oxytocin, prolactin, vasopressin, cortisol, corticotropin, and substance P, among others. Serotonin receptors influence various biological and neurological processes such as aggression, anxiety, appetite, cognition, learning, memory, mood, nausea, sleep, and thermoregulation. They are the target of a variety of pharmaceutical and recreational drugs, inclu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Psychedelic Drug
Psychedelics are a subclass of hallucinogenic drugs whose primary effect is to trigger non-ordinary mental states (known as psychedelic experiences or "trips") and a perceived "expansion of consciousness". Also referred to as classic hallucinogens or serotonergic hallucinogens, the term ''psychedelic'' is sometimes used more broadly to include various other types of hallucinogens as well, such as those which are atypical or adjacent to psychedelia like salvia and MDMA, respectively. Classic psychedelics generally cause specific psychological, visual, and auditory changes, and oftentimes a substantially altered state of consciousness. They have had the largest influence on science and culture, and include mescaline, LSD, psilocybin, and DMT. There are a large number of both naturally occurring and synthetic serotonergic psychedelics. Most psychedelic drugs fall into one of the three families of chemical compounds: tryptamines, phenethylamines, or lysergamides. T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Head-twitch Response
The head-twitch response (HTR), also sometimes known as wet dog shakes (WDS) in rats, is a rapid side-to-side head movement that occurs in mice and rats in association with serotonin 5-HT2A receptor activation. Serotonergic psychedelics like lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin consistently induce the HTR in rodents. Because of this, the HTR is widely employed in scientific research as an animal behavioral model of hallucinogen effects and in the discovery of new psychedelic drugs. The HTR is one of the only behavioral paradigms for assessment of psychedelic-like effects in animals, with the other most notable test being drug discrimination. However, the HTR is far less costly and time-consuming than drug discrimination and hence has become much more popular in recent years. Limitations of the HTR include the fact that various other drugs besides serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonists, such as NMDA receptor antagonists and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chemical Derivative
In chemistry, a derivative is a compound that is derived from a similar compound by a chemical reaction. In the past, derivative also meant a compound that ''can be imagined to'' arise from another compound, if one atom or group of atoms is replaced with another atom or group of atoms, but modern chemical language now uses the term structural analog for this meaning, thus eliminating ambiguity. The term "structural analogue" is common in organic chemistry. In biochemistry, the word is used for compounds that at least theoretically can be formed from the precursor compound. Chemical derivatives may be used to facilitate analysis. For example, melting point (MP) analysis can assist in identification of many organic compounds. A crystalline derivative may be prepared, such as a semicarbazone or 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone (derived from aldehydes or ketones), as a simple way of verifying the identity of the original compound, assuming that a table of derivative MP values is availa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NBOMe
The 25-NB (25''x''-NB''x'') series, or NBOMe series, also known as the ''N''-benzylphenethylamines, is a family of serotonergic psychedelics. They are substituted phenethylamines and were derived from the 2C (psychedelics), 2C family. The most commonly encountered NBOMe drugs are 25I-NBOMe, 25B-NBOMe, and 25C-NBOMe. The NBOMe drugs act as selective agonists of the serotonin 5-HT2 receptor, 5-HT2 receptors. The 25-NB family is unique relative to other classes of psychedelics in that they are, generally speaking, extremely potency (pharmacology), potent and quite binding selectivity, selective for the 5-HT2 receptors. Use of NBOMe series drugs has caused many deaths and hospitalisations since the drugs popularisation in the 2010s. This is primarily due to their high potency, unpredictable pharmacokinetics, and sellers passing off the compounds in the series as Lysergic acid diethylamide, LSD. Use The 25-NB drugs are inactive oral administration, orally and instead are typically u ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mescaline
Mescaline, also known as mescalin or mezcalin, and in chemical terms 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine, is a natural product, naturally occurring psychedelic drug, psychedelic alkaloid, protoalkaloid of the substituted phenethylamine class, found in Cactus, cacti like peyote (''Lophophora williamsii'') and San Pedro cactus, San Pedro (certain species of the Echinopsis genus) and known for its Serotonin, serotonergic Hallucinogen, hallucinogenic effects. Mescaline is typically taken orally and used recreationally, spiritually, and medically, with psychedelic effects occurring at doses from 100 to 1,000 mg, including microdosing below 75 mg, and it can be consumed in pure form or via mescaline-containing cacti. Mescaline induces a psychedelic experience characterized by vivid visual patterns, altered perception of time and self, synesthesia, and spiritual effects, with an onset of 0.5–0.9 hours and a duration that increases with dose, ranging from about 6 to 14 hours. Mescaline h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Potency (pharmacology)
In pharmacology, potency or biological potency is a measure of a drug's biological activity expressed in terms of the dose required to produce a pharmacological effect of given intensity. A highly potent drug (e.g., fentanyl, clonazepam, risperidone, benperidol, bumetanide) evokes a given response at low concentrations, while a drug of lower potency (e.g. morphine, alprazolam, ziprasidone, haloperidol, furosemide) evokes the same response only at higher concentrations. Higher potency does not necessarily mean greater effectiveness nor more side effects nor less side effects. Types of potency The International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR) has stated that "potency is an imprecise term that should always be further defined", and lists of types of potency as follows: Miscellaneous Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is one of the most potent psychoactive drug A psychoactive drug, psychopharmaceutical, mind-altering drug, consciousness-altering drug, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
